Fall of Malacca Empire

Fall of Malacca Empire FALL OF MALACCA EMPIRE The golden age of Malacca ended in 1511. Empire Malacca who called to an end after the Portuguese attack Malacca under the rule of Sultan Mansur Shah. Internal Factors WEAK LEADERSHIP OPPRESSIVE ADMINISTRATION Weak ruling government is the root cause to the fall of the Malacca Sultanate. They were overdependence on Tun Perak until they can’t find a capable leader to replace him. After the death of the Bendahara Tun Perak, Malacca lacked an efficient leader as the replacement of Tun Perak which is Tun Mutahir as a Bendahara was a weak leader because he more concern on his personal welfare and biased during his administration. Many of the ministers expressed their dissatisfaction with this aspect of the way of his management style. As a result, there were often struggles for power. Besides, Sultan Mahmud who paid only a little attention to the administration consider as a weak leader too. He enables the officers to act as they pleased. Bribing and defamation were rife and inevitably result in economic instability and discontent among the people. Corruption in administration to gain personal wealth had caused the imposed of high taxes on citizens and traders forced merchants to shift t heir attention to Acheh, the other trading ports. At the same time, Bendahara Tun Mutahir being accused that he attempted to overthrow the king. He evoked the anger of Sultan Mahmud so without further investigation Sultan Mahmud executed Bendahara Tun Mutahir and his family. Raja Ahmad the inheritor was also weak and inefficient. When Sultan Mahmud realized he was wrong, he handed reign to his son which was unable to help him to rule his empire. Whereas Bendahara Tun Perpatih, the successor which is also weak, ill and old. Son of Sultan Mahmud DISUNITY Malacca’s weak position caused the disunited of people and spilt into factions. Bendahara Tun Mutahir is and Indian-Muslims. His weak administration and practiced favoritism had caused the Malays to become hostile towards them and develop into racial tension. Bendahara Tun Mutahir been appointed had caused the jealousy among Malays and the evident was when Sultan Mahmud commanded Bendahara Tun Mutahir and Tun Ali to be sentence to death at the betrayal by Raja Mandaliar and Laksamana Khoja Hassan, an Indian native. Bendahara Tun Perak’s son, Tepok been appointed as Bendahara but he was too old. All of these factors had causes the disunity among the residents of Malacca. THE WEAKNESS OF MALACCA MILITARY AND DEFENCE Continued misunderstanding caused segregation and disunity among the people. The situation became worse and critical when the Portuguese, led by Alfonso d’Albuquerque attacked Malacca. For Malacca soldiers, they are losing of skills because they not involved in war for a long time. They had been using traditional weapons such as creese, arrow and spear during the war with Portuguese. Whereas, Portuguese used modern weapons such as cannon that clearly different from Malacca in term of range and mobility. Portuguese armed forces have well-equipped weapons and good strategic planning with the guidance of Alfonso d’Albuquerque. Before Portuguese attack Malacca, they had conquered Goa India so they have support of army from Goa India. But for Malacca, the mercenary soldiers from Jawa abandoned state during the war. DISLOYALTY OF FEREIGNERS AND MERCHANTS Due to the political instability, merchants who came and stay at Malacca did not believe to the government of Malacca. They even backed and supported Portuguese during their attack. For Chinese merchant, they provided huge barges on loan to Portuguese. Tamil merchant provided information regarding Malacca defense system. External Factors THE DISCOVERY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (TAAJUNG HARAPAN) It is a naval passage in Southern Africa that discovered by Bartholomew Diaz in 1488. The successful of crossing of the Cape of Good Hope allowed the sailor to sail from the west which is Portugal to the East. While Prince Henry eager to locate their trading in the East that lead to the encouragement of his people to sail to East with the slogan of ‘ Gospel, Gold, Glory ‘. The expansion of Portuguese sea exploration was pioneered by Vasco da Gama. He was the first to discover the east coasts of India that help in the establishment of Portuguese. EMERGENCE OF OTHERS TRADE CENTERS Due to the oppressive administration and the high taxes, traders started to looked for other port such as Acheh and Brunei. They had finally switched to the other ports where they can be treated fairly. PREACHING Lopez de Sequeira was assigned by Prince Henry to analyze the trade potentials in Malacca. He arrived at Malacca carrying with him a letter offer from the King. His job was to establish trade with Malacca. Bendahara Tun Mutahir and the officer who were powerful in the court were hostile towards the Christian. The merchants from Gujarat, who got the news the Portuguese planned to preached a holy war against those Muslims infidels. Unfortunately, because of the argument between Bendahara Tun Mutahir and Sultan Mahmud Shah, de Sequeira managed to get known a plot was planned to kill him and his is managed to escape from Malacca with his fleet, leaving behind several of his assistants as captives. Conclusion From the research we had make, we conclude that Malacca Sultanate Empire had gone through three eras which are the beginning and the rise, the middle and the fall of the empire at the same time it contributes a special slots in Malaysian history, because it is said to be the origin of the present sultanate of Malaysia. From the process that Malacca gone through we summarize that effective and systematic administration had lead Malacca to the best outcome. The leader himself must be a role model to make the empire grow and unite the citizen. Citizens’ power can’t be neglected because it influenced the development of any empire in the world including merchandise and traders. We are reminded that in whatever time and place unwise leadership, corruption, disunity and weak defense must be avoided or otherwise turmoil history happens again. Referencing History of Melaka Lonely Planet Travel Information. 2015. History of Melaka Lonely Planet Travel Information. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/peninsular-malaysia-west-coast/melaka/history. [Accessed 22 January 2015]. The fall of Malacca. 2015. The fall of Malacca. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.malaysiahistory.net/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=26:the-fall-of-malaccacatid=46:early-history. [Accessed 22 January 2015]. Fall of Civilizations Malacca Sultanate (Revised Version). 2015. Fall of Civilizations Malacca Sultanate (Revised Version). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/105111287/Fall-of-Civilizations-Malacca-Sultanate-Revised-Version#scribd. [Accessed 22 January 2015]. The Fall of Melaka. 2015. The Fall of Melaka. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/port1.htm. [Accessed 22 January 2015].

My Name Is Margaret Essay

â€Å"My name is Margaret† was written by Maya Angelou. She was born in 1928 in America, and her full name was Marguerite Annie Johnson. Maya Angelou was a talented person. She was a poet, an author, a singer, an actress, and a playwright. Writing â€Å"My name is Margaret† she recovered the truth of the unfair behavior of the white people with the black ones and described the people’s loss of their identity. My name is Margaret summary The story tells about the young black girl who started to work for the white woman. She was only ten years old, and it was a great and remarkable experience for her. She was forced to study many things in the household hadn’t known before. The girl was surprised what a great variety of kitchen tools there can be. She hadn’t even realized that there existed the glasses for water, glasses for wine, glasses for the ice cream and a lot of more that astonished her. The same was with the knives, forks, and other tools and consequently, a great part of her working day was spent on learning all of these things. Margaret was working on an ugly old lady who couldn’t have their children. The girl mentioned that the only thing that could beautify her mistress was a smile. However, this smile only appeared on Mrs. Cullinan’s face when she was sharing a cup of tea with her friend ladies. There was one more servant, Miss Glory, who had been working in that house for twenty years and patiently taught Margaret everything that she should know about household and the manners of their mistress. The bad things began when Mrs. Cullinan called the girl â€Å"Mary† for the first time, explaining that is a shorter name and more convenient to pronounce. Margaret was extremely dissatisfied with this action and was struggling to do her best to get rid of this job.    My name is Margaret analysis Maya Angelou tried to picture the importance of our names. Each name is a unique and expresses the peculiarities of its owner. Surrounding people identify us with the help of our names. In our minds, each name is associated with the list of different stories, occasions, situations related to the person who owns this name. Our name creates a specific picture, and if we change it, we stop being ourselves. That is why Margaret was extremely shocked and crossed when she heard the first time the name â€Å"Mary† that was appealing to her. She didn’t react and tried to explain with all her behavior that her name isn’t Mary. She didn’t want to be somebody else; she wanted to be herself that meant to be Margaret, not Mary. Being called with another name signified for her that nobody took in the consideration her existence. None forced to notice her and communicate with her as with specific and unique individual. For her mistress, Margaret was just a servant, and she didn’t bother how to name her. Mrs. Cullinan never minded thinking about girl’s personality as far as the servant complete her work and do everything that is demanded of her. Margaret wanted to be herself, but nobody cared who she was and who she wanted to be. The girl found out that the elder servant, Miss Glory, had met the same situation in her life. Her real name was Hallelujah. Though, Mrs. Cullinan once decided that it is too long to remember and pronounce every time such a complete name and shortened it to the Glory. Margaret didn’t expect to hear that. She couldn’t understand why the senior woman didn’t even mind it and even loved her new name better. It was inadmissible to live the whole life with the name that doesn’t belong to you. Miss Glory may not bother, but Margaret took the strong decision not to tolerate it. If they didn’t want to receive her as Margaret, she wouldn’t act as Margaret. She didn’t care about rules and successions and did everything wrong on purpose. She aimed to attract the attention of being a bad servant and to be discharged. After all, there was a day when Mrs. Cullinan finally called the girl â€Å"Margaret.† Unfortunately, it was after having experienced the pain of the crushing of her favorite china serving tray. The serving tray was of extreme importance in Mrs. Cullinan’s house as it was her mother’s china from Virginia. The mistress was broken and bursting with the tears. In the condition of complete desperateness, she shouted: â€Å"Her name is Margaret.† Margaret was glad that she finally forced her mistress to understand the simple truth – her name was not Mary. Her name was Margaret. Maya Angelou wanted everyone to understand how it is extremely important not to lose the identity in our everyday life. Many people would consider us as somebody who lives someone else’s life. However, we shouldn’t agree for any reason. We were born to be unique, and that means, we could not die as a copy of another person.

Jeep and Social Media Essay

In recent years, social media has become an incredibly important tool with which people communicate. Young and old people alike use Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and blogs to relay messages and connect with one another. However, these platforms are no longer used by individuals solely. More and more companies have begun to use social media to reach out to current and future customers and to advertise themselves. It is not uncommon for company Facebook pages and Twitter feeds to have a large number of subscribers or followers nowadays. One company that uses social media quite effectively is Jeep. The company uses outlets like Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube to reach out to their customers and try to capture new ones. Jeep uses social media to target a different type of audience than most companies. Whereas many firms would be trying to capture new customers, Jeep is more devoted to engaging existing customers and connecting Jeep owners. In doing this, Jeep’s target audience consists mainly men and women who are of driving age. There are a few other qualifications though. One of the attractions of a Jeep is the ruggedness and outdoorsy image that it embodies. Therefore, the target audience that Jeep tries to reach through it’s social media usage would most likely include those that are interested in a number of outdoor activities. In addition, though the Jeeps are sold to customers of any age, it seems that most users of social media are in the younger generations. While this is currently beginning to change, it is reasonable to believe that Jeep’s social media is targeted more towards younger Jeep owners – most likely those customers whose age lies in the range of the early teens to the late thirties. As already mentioned, Jeep’s focus is not really to attract new customers but to provide existing owners with a number of different ways to connect with eachother and with the company itself. Establishing these connections is where the interactivity of Jeep’s social media platforms comes into play. The main parts of Jeep’s social media are the Jeep Facebook page, the Jeep MySpace page, the Jeep Twitter feed, the official Flickr group, the Jeep YouTube account, and an online community titled â€Å"Come Together†. All of these places are used as exchanges where Jeep owners and enthusiasts can interact with one another. These interactions consist of uploading and viewing photos and videos to the Flickr and YouTube accounts, commenting on interesting segments on the â€Å"Come Together† community site, or talking to each other on the Facebook and MySpace pages. While there are not many contests or downloads that Jeep tries to push on visitors to their sites, visitors are strongly encouraged to post photos and comments relating to their personal experiences with the company. I have personally worked in a company that makes and sells aftermarket Jeep accessories and have seen firsthand how proud and involved Jeep owners can be over their Jeeps. Therefore, it is not surprising that these sites and social media platforms are often very successful in getting viewers to post photos, videos, and comments about their Jeeps and any others they see on the sites. There is no real advertising for products taking place on these social media sites. Instead, the sites act merely as an exchange of ideas and opinions between customers and the company. However, this is an example of a very good product marketing strategy. When site visitors view pictures of other Jeep owners’ vehicles, they may often see products on the other vehicles that they like and become interested in purchasing. This will often lead to sales of Jeep accessories without any real advertising expenses incurred by the company. Reviews, photos, and videos from actual customers serve to enhance the products in other people’s minds and indirectly lead to visitors purchasing goods. Traditional advertising is also integrated in all of these social media sites. All of Jeep’s current regular television commercials are posted on both the YouTube and MySpace pages. Print ads can also be found on the MySpace page. However, while traditional advertising can be found in many places on Jeep’s social media sites, it is not the focus. Jeep uses these sites more to promote connectivity between the customers. It seems as though they want visitors to forget that all these sites are part of a corporate marketing strategy; instead they want to promote the idea that the sites are merely a way for owners to exchange photos and stories about their experiences with the Jeeps they have bought. The company is not trying to push new products down the customers’ throats but rather is interested in hearing about the likes and dislikes that the customers have. I believe that this dedication to engaging the customer is part of what makes Jeep owners so devoted to the company. Therefore, Jeep’s social media platform is very effective at doing what the company sets out to do.

Coffee And Its Effects On Health - 1383 Words

Introduction: The coffee bean is one of the big sources of caffeine and coffee is the most famous beverage all around the world. Coffee plants are now cultivated in over seventy countries such as Asia, India, and Africa. In 2013/14 Brazil as the leader in the production of green coffee was 8.9 million tons, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, Colombia and India and overall record is 150.5 million bags and it was increased in previous years[1]. Currently, coffee has become more trendy in new generation than previous generations, the majority of adolescent caffeine consumers intake amount more than the amount needed it. Coffee contained ingested to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve performance during sleep deprivation[1]. Like every drug, advantages, and disadvantages. Coffee has some positive and negative effects on health, dependents amount of consumption. For example coffee may confer a moderate positive effect of some major diseases, including Parkinson s disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus , certain types of cancers, it may protect people from liver cirrhosis, and it can be used to treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity, during therapy[1]. It may help to gain the weight and decreases the incidence of cerebral palsy and cognitive delay[3]. Caffeine also treats apnea of prematurity as a primary treatment, not a prevention. Some studies show that non-decaffeinated coffee over 5 cups per day may have a positive effect on cardiovascular diseases such as coronaryShow MoreRelatedCoffee And Its Effects On Health1472 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The coffee bean is one of the big sources of caffeine and coffee is the most famous beverage all around the world. Coffee plants are now cultivated in over seventy countries such as Asia, India, and Africa. 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