Thursday, October 31, 2019

Discuss treatment or preventative measures related to this condition Assignment

Discuss treatment or preventative measures related to this condition - Assignment Example The condition can be diagnosed from prolonged pains in the upper, rear, or below the right shoulder accompanied by vomiting, abdominal bloating or nausea. However, some of these symptoms may be similar to those of heart attacks and therefore proper diagnosis must be put in effect (Herlong, 2013). Gallstones can be categorized into two; cholesterol and pigment stones. The causal factors that culminate to form gallstones are listed as; body weight, diet, reduced movement by the gallbladder and decreased motility. The stones are mainly developed where there are imbalances in bile salts. Other risk factors to contracting gallstones include genetics, estrogen, gender, age, ethnic background, obesity, cholesterol drugs, and diabetes. Ideally, prior prevention of gallstones would be better than its treatment. Preventing cholesterol gallstones becomes feasible given that ursodiol, a bile acid medication meant to dissolve cholesterol gallstones given their molecular nature of solubility. Ursodiol, a synthetic UDCA, also prevents from their formation (Herlong, 2013). It reintroduces a missing bile salt to the human digestive system. The salts are derivatives of the cholesterol that is synthesized in a hepatocyte. Dietary ingested cholesterol or that derived from synthesis, hepatic synthesis, is converted to chenodeoxycholic and bile acids cholic. They are later conjugated into amino acids, glycine or taurine meant to yield the conjugated type which is actively secreted to cannaliculi (Jenkins, 2008). The importance of caring about the lipids is from the sole reason that they perform several biological functions. They harbor large levels of long term energy. Lipids also are crucial in building cell parts to building membranes besides being a chemical signaling molecule. Energy held here facilitates cellular level’s chemical reaction. If experts were to understand the physical, chemical and biochemical properties of the gallstones molecule, this would be

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The Family in the UK today is in crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Family in the UK today is in crisis - Essay Example absence of fathers in the lives of their children.2 Aside from the after effect of the feminist movement on traditional family lifestyle, Burgess (1926) states that industrialization and modernization also creates a signifincant impact over the continuously changing functions on nuclear family in our society.3 With regards to the increasing rate of divorce in UK, the essence of a child personally knowing and growing up with his/ her biological parents is highly affected. As a result, a lot of social consequences are becoming significant in the lives of the local citizens. In order to determine whether the family in UK today is in crisis, the researcher will examine the trend related to divorce rate, crime rate, employment rate, early abortion rate and the decline in the UK population as well as its corresponding consequences in our society. One of the main causes of crime is due to poor parenting which is often associated with broken family.4 Many times, children who grew up with a broken family either causes an aggressive behavior or inferiority complex among the children.5 Eventually, these young individuals may end up searching for other alternative ways such as joining a gangster or end up using drugs and alcohol in order to divert their attention from their family issues.6 In line with this matter, Slapper (1997a, 1997b) suggest that parents who practice poor parenting should be controlled by imposing them a penalty.7 Social and economic resources of each family could affect the parents’ capacity to regulate their children’s behaviour.8 In a traditional nuclear family structure, in case the father could not provide sufficient monetary income for the needs of the family, the wife has no choice but to go out of the house to work. Based on the report that was released by the Office for National Statistics in 2006, divorce rate in England and Wales fell by 7% as compared to 2005.9 Eventhough divorce rate in UK dropped from 13.1 to 12.2 persons

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Public Policies Used To Solve Market Failure Economics Essay

Public Policies Used To Solve Market Failure Economics Essay Market is defined as a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. There are many different types of markets such as stock market, currency market and more. Market is efficient when the market is perfectly competitive. If a market is not perfectly competitive, the market failure will occur. Market failure also occurs when the allocation of resources in a free market is inefficient. Market failure occurs when the market is not in perfectly competitive. There are many reasons to cause market failure. The main causes of market failure are: a) Negative Externalities Externalities are defined as the uncompensated impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander. Negative externality such as the effect of environmental pollution can cause the marginal social cost(MSC) of production to exceed the marginal private cost(MPC) according to the diagram below: In the process of production, the firms will cause the pollution of the environment. The pollution is bad for public health so that the marginal social cost(MSC) is exceed the marginal private cost(MPC). The optimum of production is at Qs, MSB is equal to MSB. The firms will produce goods at Qp, where MPB is equal to MPC. The excess of production not only does not promote the public welfare but also causes more pollutions to the environment. As a result, the market will go inefficient. b) Positive Externalities The positive externalities such as the provision of education and healthcare can cause the marginal social benefit(MSB) of consumption to exceed the marginal private benefit(MPB) according to the diagram below: In a free market, the consumption will be at Qp where the private benefit equals to the private cost. However, this is socially inefficient because the social benefit is exceed to the social cost. Therefore, that is under-consumption(Qs-Qp) of the positive externality. The social efficiency will occur at Qs where the social cost equals social benefit. c)Merit and Demerit goods Merit good is a good that people do not realise its true benefit such as the people underestimate the benefit of education. The examples of merit goods are education and healthcare. These goods usually have positive externalities. Therefore, there will be a under-consumption of merit goods in a free market. Demerit good is a good that people do not realise the costs of doing something such as smoking and drugs. These goods usually have negative externalities. Therefore, there will be over-consumption of demerit goods in a free market. d)Public goods The private sectors in free markets cannot profitable supply to consumers public goods that are needed to meet peoples demand. So that the public goods are generally provided by government. e)Monopoly Power Market that controlled by monopoly can cause under-production and higher prices than would exist under condition of competition. f)Factor immobility Factor immobility will cause unemployment hence productive inefficiency. When market fails, the market will fall into position of inefficiency. It may cause unfair distribution of income and property to the public. Many firms increase the quantity of goods supplied in order to earn more profit. It may cause the pollution in the environment as the firms are not willing to protect the environment whenever they produce goods. Besides that, unemployment will occur because of the exclusion of labor by the machines when the firms are able to improve the productivity. There will be also an undersupply of public goods. The private sectors are not willing to produce public goods as the consumers do not need to pay for these goods so that they will not earn profit from providing the public goods. To address these public issues, the government will execute some policies to solve the market failure such as imposing taxes on negative externalities. In the diagram above, the marginal social cost(MSC) of production will exceed to the marginal private cost(MPC). The government imposed the taxes to the sellers and the imposition of taxes will increase the production cost of the sellers. Then, the supply curve(PMC) will shift to the left. The quantity of production will decrease from Qp to Qs where the optimum output is and the social welfare will be maximized. New Mexico Legislature is supposed to increase the state cigarette tax from 75 cents to $1.66 per pack this year. The purpose of imposing the tax is to reduce the tobacca use and save lives. The increasing of tax will discourage people from smoking. Increasing the cigarette tax is one of the most effective ways to reduce smoking, especially among kids. From the diagram above, the production of tobacca of marginal social cost(MSC) is exceed to the marginal private cost(MPC) and the output of tobacca of the sellers is at Qp. New Mexico Legislature imposed the cigarette tax to the output of tobacca of sellers. So that, the supply curve(S=PMC) of tobacca will shift to right. The output of tobacca will decrease from Qp to Qs as the tobacca tax will increase the cost of production of tobacca. As a result, the supply curve of tobacca will move to left and equals to marginal social cost(MSC). At this moment, the optimum output of tobacca is at Qs. The imposition of cigarette tax will reduce the output of tobacca and discourage people from smoking. Taxes on negative externalities will raise the revenue for the government and reduce the pollution of environment. The second policy that can overcome the market failure is to provide subsidy on positive externalities. The government provides subsidy to the firms to pay part of cost for them to encourage more production. From the diagram above, the production of marginal social benefit(MSB) is exceed to the marginal private benefit(MPB). The government provided subsidy(P2-P1) to the firm to decrease their cost of production. As a result, the firm will increase the output from Qp to Qs. Then, the social welfare will be maximized. For example, Malaysia government plans to provide a subsidy of RM30bil to enhance primary and secondary school education nationwide which is one of the plans of Budget 2010. From the diagram above, when our government provides a subsidy of RM30bil on education, the operating cost of school will decrease. Then, the school will have enough capital to build more facilities and provide more educational plans from Qp to Qs for the students. The students will get more benefit from studying. At this moment, the social welfare will keep increasing till the marginal social benefit(MSB) equals to marginal social cost(MSC). The third policy is to change the property right. This will happen when the government gives the property rights to certain people such as the fishermen could be given the property rights to a river. When negative externalities occurred, the owners of property could sue a company who caused damage or pollution such as the fishermen can sue a chemical factory which polluted the river. It may charge some social costs to the chemical factory. The government pursued this policy to reduce the pollution of environment so that the negative externalities could be eliminated. In addition, the government will also impose the laws and regulation to prohibit the unhealthy behaviour of people such as legalizing the age for smoking and banning on drunk driving. The laws and regulations must be simple and easy to understand to the public. Due to a reducing in negative externalities, the marginal social cost will decrease. So that, imposing the laws and regulations is also a policy to overcome the market failure. For example, in New Zealand, it is illegal to sell tobaccos and cigarettes to person aged uner 18. It is also illegal for a person over 18 to give a person under 18 cigarettes or tobaccos in a public place. Another example is sales of tobacco to person aged under 18 are illegal in all Australian states. The purpose of legalizing the smoking by both governments is to reduce the consumption of tobaccos. It may help to decrease the negative externalities for improving efficiency of the market. Finally, the other policy is to give the pollution permit. The government can give a pollution permit to a firm to limit his output. The more the firm produce, the more polluted the environment is. Therefore, the marginal social cost will keep increasing and market failure will occur. The government will give the pollution permit to the firm such as limiting the firm to produce only 100 units carbon dioxide per year. As a result, there is an incentive to pollute less and the negative externalities will be eliminated. Conclusion The public policies implemented by the government can successfully solve the market failure. The main causes of market failure is the externality. It can divide into negative externality and positive externality. Government will impose the tax to the firms to decrease their output as every unit of good they produce will cause the pollution of environment. The implimentation of this public policy can reduce the pollution of environment but also to eliminate the negative externalities for efficient market. Secondly, the government will also provide subsidy to the firms. With this policy, the production cost of the firms will decrease and their output will increase. The market will be efficient as the subsidy on positive externalities forces the marginal social cost equals to the marginal social benefit. Thirdly, the government will implement the policy of changing the property rights. By giving the property rights, the owner of the property can sue a company which caused pollution to their property such as the lands. It may help to reduce the pollution of the environment and eliminate the negative externalities. So that, the market failure can be overcome. The government will also impose the laws and regulations to prohibit people from the unhealthy behaviour such as smoking and taking drug. The implementation of this policy can effectively increase the social benefit. So that, the market failure will turn into an efficient market. Lastly, the government will also give the pollution permit to the firm. This policy can limit the output of carbon dioxide of the firm. It can reduce the negative externality of air pollution. As a result, the market will be efficient by reducing the negative externalities. For archieving an efficient market, the government will implement the public policies when market failure occurred although the government needs to spend a high cost on them.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby and the 20s Essay -- Fitzgerald Great Gatsby

Fitzgerald's Great Gatsby and the 20s After a time of prosperity, the roaring 1920’s became a decade of social decay and declining moral values. The forces this erosion of ethics can be explained by a variety of theories. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald paints a convincing portrait of waning social virtue in his novel, The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald portrays the nefarious effects of materialism created by the wealth-driven culture of the time. This was an era where societal values made wealth and material possessions a defining element of one’s character. The implications of the wealthy mindset and its effects on humanity are at the source of the conflict in The Great Gatsby, offering a glimpse into the despair of the 20’s. During a time of â€Å"postwar American society, its restless alienation, and its consequent reliance on money as a code for expressing emotions and identity† (Lewis, 46), Fitzgerald focuses his pen on the inevitable emptiness created by the illusions of wealth and its anomalous connection with love during the 20’s. In order to convey his theory, Fitzgerald builds a repertory of superficial characters whose existence revolves around material value rather than tangible human qualities. For example, Tom Buchanan, the husband of Daisy, is introduced as having an appealing and rich life. â€Å"He’d brought down a string of polo ponies from Lake Forest,† Nick comments about Tom. â€Å"It was hard to realize that a man in my own generation was wealthy enough to do that,† (p. 10). Tom is depicted as an enormously wealthy â€Å"national figure,† one with handsome and powerful â€Å"physical accomplishments† (10). But Fitzgerald’s description does not go much further than that. Tom’s persona is limited to a list of superficial accomplishments none of which resemble any spiritually fulfilling traits. Tom thus represents the end result of a person consumed by wealth, because that is his only defining characteristic. Although we could pity such a character, Fitzgerald makes sure that we don’t feel much of anything towards Tom because he was born into wealth and never had to pursue it. â€Å"His money was divested of dreams before he was even born† (Lewis, 51). Since Tom’s lifestyle links intrinsically to his character, nothing he does resembles the passions and desires of a natural human being, rather he is portrayed as a machine or byproduct of his family fortune. Tom la... ... to love, the most powerful of all human feeling. â€Å"The culture of wealth,† writes Marius Bewley, â€Å"represents the romantic enlargement of the possibilities of life on a level at which the material and the spiritual have become inextricably confused,† (Bewley, 37). Gatsby learned this lesson the hard way, giving up his spiritual vision of love and losing it to the emptiness associated with wealth. Fitzgerald realized the confusion in the 1920’s of a culture based around wealth and used his novel to expose the blandness of wealthy lifestyles in contrast with the human feeling of love. If love were a color it would be red, and if it had a mind of it’s own it would remain far from the gray â€Å"Valley of ashes† (27) of New York in the 20’s. Gatsby unfortunately combined those two worlds together and the gray dusted over the red. In the end, Gatsby is murdered, Tom and Daisy continue like zombies, and Nick, disenfranchised, decides to leave altogether. Fitzgerald portrays the essence of emptiness in all the characters touched or consumed by wealth and leaves the reader with a clear message: No sense of fulfillment, specifically regarding love, will result in a life consumed by wealth.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Tuck Everlasting Book Reveiw

Tuck Everlasting Winifred Foster Winifred (Winnie) Foster was born into an affluent family. Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Foster owned the nearby forest. One day while she was catching lightning bugs Winnie was visited by a peculiar man in a yellow suit, he was looking for someone, but he didn't say who. The next day Winnie ran away after getting annoyed by her parents†¦ The Tucks The Tucks had a secret. In the forest owned by the fosters there is a fresh water spring if you drink this water you will stay the way you are forever and never die.Without knowing about the defect the Tucks drunk some of the water out of the spring. Now in the 1880's, 85 years later from when they drunk from the spring they were still alive without their secret being discovered yet†¦ Both Worlds Collide Until Winnie Foster sees Jesse Tuck drinking from the spring. To keep her from telling the secret the Tucks temporarily â€Å"kidnap† her promising to take her back home once she understood the reason why she could not tell anyone about the spring.Soon rouble rises when the peculiar man in the yellow suit hears Mae Tuck telling Winnie about the spring. What will happen to the Tucks and Winnie? Read this book to find out. My Opinion This book was not one of my favorites because I like books that have more mystery and romance in them and Tuck Everlasting is a little more historical fiction. Movie vs. Book People always say the book is always better than the movie but in my opinion this was not the case with Tuck Everlasting. After watching the movie I was a bit isappointed that the book was not better.I actually liked the movie's plot better than the books because of the following reason's. 1. In the book Winnie is 10 turning 11 but, in the movie Winnie was 14 going on 15. 1 think that 15 was a good age for Winnie to because of the events that happened it seemed more likely for a girl who is 15 to experience all these things rather than a girl who was 11 . 2. In the book al l the main events happened in a span of 3 days while in the movie he events happened in a time span of weeks.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Wicked And Messy Environmentals Problems Environmental Sciences Essay

Human activities over the decennaries have doubtless affected the environment.The coming of industrialisation and technological advancement is one such activity that has been argued as the cause of great harm to the natural environment. Coupled to the increasing demand to supply for the turning populations around the universe, this has led to a myriad of environmental jobs some of which have been described as â€Å" mussy † or â€Å" wicked † . Amidst the huge technological promotions, these wicked jobs still remain unraveled and elusive. They challenge our administration constructions, our accomplishments base and our organisational capacity. It is of import, as a first measure, that wicked jobs be recognized as such. Successfully undertaking wicked jobs requires a wide acknowledgment and apprehension, including from authoritiess and Curates, that there are no speedy holes and simple solutions They are the antonym of â€Å" tame † jobs which have straightforward distinct solutions. Rittel and Webber ( 1973 ) describe wicked environmental jobs as withstanding categorization and devoid of clear cut solutions. They have besides been associated with â€Å" extremist uncertainness † and â€Å" plurality of legitimate positions † ( Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1991 ) .What does this mean for natural resource direction? This suggests that natural resource direction has been plunged into an epoch of turbulency with decreasing effects of the traditional/conventional attack to job resolution. This brings to bear the challenges conservationists and policy shapers have to postulate with in the direction of wicked environmental jobs rather commonplace in modern times. This essay attempts to propose ways by which natural resource direction can be effectual in covering with these wicked jobs. It begins by discoursing four challenges that wicked jobs present: alteration, struggle, complexness and uncertainness. It does that by utilizing the Sierra Nevada Forest and the European cap- and trade plan for C dioxide emanations in the European Union as instance surveies. Finally, proposes that for effectual direction of environmental jobs through policy and pattern, a combination of the precautional, adaptative and participatory attacks must be considered to cut down the uncertainness and complexness associated with wicked environmental jobs. The first challenge associated with wicked jobs is complexness ; a trait Gunderson ( 1999 ) suggests is built-in in natural resource jobs. Complexity implies a trouble in set uping cause and consequence forms due to the presence of mutualities and multiple variables. Complexity is determined by the grade of uncertainness and societal dissension on a peculiar issue ( Patton, 2011 ; Stacy, 1996 ; Zimmerman, 2001 ) .For illustration, the status and tendency exhibited by wildlife populations are as a consequence of the interactions between factors such as anterior population, conditions, marauders, home ground, disease, off-site factors and opportunity events. If there is species decline in a population, which of these factors can be blamed for this result? The reply is non every bit simple as a work outing to a mathematical job since the job may be caused by one of the factors or many moving in concert. The proficient and societal facets of complexness have besides been identified. The former is linked to restrictions in quality of information and a lack in cognition systems which makes the diagnosing of a job really feverish and introduces high degrees of uncertainness. A quotation mark by Lawrence J. Peter alludes that † some jobs are so complex that you have to be extremely intelligent and good informed merely to be undecided about them † . The societal facet on the other manus, emanates from troubles in the coordination of information, activities and stakeholders across several subjects. The differences in positions, values, perceptual experience and beliefs of assorted stakeholders introduces struggle: another challenge in deciding wicked environmental jobs. Adding to complexness is the diverseness and scope of stakeholder values, a formula for conflict.Values have been observed to be a cardinal component in the actions of people ( Rescher, 1969 ) .There is frequently small consensus on what the job is, allow entirely a general solution ( Ritchey, 2005 ; Rittel and Webber, 1973 ) .Whether the issue is about air quality, H2O usage, constructing a dike or protecting forest species, the differing values of stakeholders is non in doubt.Parties normally involved in environmental policy preparation normally span the full length and comprehensiveness of administration, from the politician to the peasant husbandman. Given the trouble of integrating the divergent positions all the parties may lawfully set frontward, struggles have left most environmental problem-solving efforts stranded and engulfed in judicial proceeding. For illustration, a H2O resource contention in Colorado started over a proposed dike ( Bingham, 1986 ) .Some parties declined to take part in the treatment until the inquiry of whether or non a dike was needed was answered. Others thought, a dike was the lone manner to work out the H2O deficit job. However, inquiring the inquiry † how much H2O do we necessitate? † is indispensable to understanding the job which brings into crisp focus problem-framing ; a critical but quite debatable measure in environmental policy preparation. The procedure of problem- bordering involves inquiring inquiries that explore different facets of the job. It ‘s amazing how frequently people fail to inquire what or why a job is happening instead than presuming the solution is apparent ( Watzlawick et al, 1974 ) .This premise of cognizing the solution before researching the job farther has chiefly been associated with experts who may see new jobs every bit precisely as old 1s ( Kaplan and Kaplan, 1982 ) .The presence of conflicting values, hazard and uncertainness does non intend a definite determination can non be taken.It merely stresses the director ‘s demand to believe beyond the traditional attack to job framing and job resolution. neglecting to see that most wicked jobs alone and associated with alteration, another challenge of wicked jobs. As discussed earlier, the assorted mutualities and multiple variables in wicked environmental job makes alteration inevitable phenomenon. Horst Rittel in his paper â€Å" Dilemmas in General Theory of Planning † explains that when covering with wicked jobs one must acknowledge that every wicked job is a symptom of another problem.Considering the fact that ecosystems, societal, econonmic, cognition, engineerings and public attitudes are so dynamic it is sensible for direction schemes and patterns to be dynamic as well.Policies must be continually be adapted to alter every bit good as constructed for local application.Wildavsky et Al, ( 1995 ) suggest that the lone manner to guarantee consistent advancement in dynamic and unsure state of affairss is to take incremental stairss that are bold plenty to go forth room for possible mistakes that enhance acquisition. Uncertainty is another challenge associated with wicked jobs due to the changeless alteration and reappraisal of scientific discipline and development. Therefore, it is rather rare for scientists to hold nem con on something as complex on an environmental or ecosystem level.In a complex unfastened system like the environment, cognition has bounds and certainty is far-fetched. What is the narrative today with the attack to work outing wicked environmental jobs? Is it working? It can be argued that uncertainness truly has played a function in the many statements that have characterized environmental direction treatments and a subscriber to the overplus of entreaties and judicial proceeding. The responses form authorities bureaus have been to bring forth more complex policy paperss warranting their actions and recommending for more research to do up for the cognition spreads that exists with the premise that differences are centrally about scientific discipline. On the contrary, grounds shows that difference in stakeholder places have more to make with conflicting values than with scientific uncertainness. This side of the statement is barely explored ensuing in the formulating of more paperss which have small to make with the underlying jobs. Owing to the fact that environmental direction makes determinations that affect both hereafter and present coevalss. There is a demand for better regulations and moralss to steer environmental directors. Bearing in head the challenges of changing ecological and societal conditions across big and spacial graduated tables, multiple stakeholder groups with really divergent values, high degrees of perceived hazard and scientific uncertainness, many research workers and environmental directors have espoused several theories and patterns which they deem are most appropriate for covering with wicked jobs. In the following subdivisions of this essay, three attacks ; adaptative direction, participatory procedures and the precautional rule will be introduced as the most appropriate for covering with modern-day environmental jobs. Adaptive direction has been argued as a direction scheme that will cover with scientific uncertainness and existent universe illustrations of its pertinence is apparent as reviewed in Stewart et al. ( 2004 ) . It has been associated with changing grades of success across a gamut of instances, each with results that enhance larning. The adaptative attack has been described as a acquisition attack that continually improves policy and pattern in the face of uncertainness and a tool to border philosophical, methodological and practical challenges that come with natural resource direction ( Holling 1978 ; Walters 1986 ; Lee 1993 ; Gunderson et Al. 1995 ) . † Learning by making † is the basic construct of adaptative direction. This attack has been recognized by international interdisciplinary attempts such as the sustainability scientific discipline plan ( Clark and Dixon, 2003 ) , the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( 2005 ) and the Equator Initiative of the United Nations Dev elopment Programme ( UNDP, 2005 ) as holding the possible to cover with the complexness of socio – ecological procedures and enhance acquisition. A instance survey of the on-going success of the adaptative direction attack is shown by Canada ‘s Model Forest. To cut down the uncertainness, complexness while advancing the development of advanced thoughts and sustainability the Federal authorities initiated Canada ‘s theoretical account Forest Program in 1992.The Program consists of 11 theoretical account woods across Canada selected to reflect the diverseness of ecosystems and societal systems present in Canada ‘s Forest environment. Each theoretical account Forest is designed to work as a life research lab where novel integrated forest direction techniques are researched, developed, applied and monitored in a transparent forum that engages and spouses with stakeholders from environmental administrations, industry, native groups, educational and research establishments, community – based associations, recreationists and landholders every bit good as all degrees of authorities. The success from this adaptative attack have been many and includes the development of voluntary wetland preservation plans for private lands ; establishemenrt of protocols for describing on socio economic indexs based on Statistics Canada nose count informations ; developing an ecosystem -integrated resource direction program for the Province of Saskatchewan, production of a codification of forestry pattern to assist landholders understand and use the rules of sustainable forest direction ; constitution of the Grand River Reserve to protect three eco-regions and home ground for the endangered Newfoundland pine marten. Research workers have identified two signifiers ; the passive and active types of adaptative direction ( Wilhere, 2000 ) . The passive is strongly science centred and formulates policy based on theoretical accounts and revises the theoretical accounts as monitoring informations becomes available. The active signifier nevertheless conducts direction action as deliberate experiments. Though the passive is rather simple and cheap the active signifier consequences in better apprehension of the responses of natural systems to direction and can assist develop better policy. However, no individual attack has the complete armory for contending wicked jobs and though adaptative direction has had many successes it has its restrictions. Short term undertaking frames, stiff marks and a focal point of success prompt directors to go on with conventional and controlled direction attacks, even when encouraged by authorities rhetoric to use adaptative attacks ( Allen and Curtis, 2005 ) This restriction is due to the fact that wicked jobs do non merely have scientific uncertainness but besides is engulfed in a overplus of stakeholder struggles. Therefore adaptative direction demands to integrate a societal side as good including institutional barriers. For illustration, institutional stableness, organisational civilization hinged on acquisition and equal political and administrative committedness of resources ( Lee,1993 ) .To be effectual, adaptative direction will necessitate to include cognition from multiple beginnings, system theoretical accounts and support cooperation among stakeholders ( McLain and Lee, 1996 ) .This demand has led to adaptive co-management an attack that combines adaptative and collaborative direction in which rights and duties are jointly shared to better battle the challenges that wicked jobs may convey. Thus, coaction brings into crisp focal point the demand for carefully designed public engagement. Public engagement has become an entrenched construct in the preparation, execution and direction of environmental issues owing to its suitableness for turn toing the involvements of multiple stakeholders and cut downing struggle. It is rather common to see National and subnational authoritiess require the input of the populace in managing and development of environmental policy. An illustration being the US National Environmental policy Act and the US Federal Advisory Committee Act. Thus engagement in decision-making is progressively regarded as a democratic right ( Reed, 2008 ) .Increasing calls for public engagement remainders on many factors including turning misgiving of public establishments and functionaries, inareaing legislative demands for public engagement, the complexness and uncertainness of modern-day jobs, different hazard perceptual experiences and a turning acknowledgment that determinations are non wholly scientific but societal values and political relations are bui lt-in in all administrative determinations. Politicss has non been extricated from how the environment is managed, degree of public engagement and at what point in the policy doing procedure it is incorporated. Participatory procedures besides have a challenge of placing groups of stakeholders and conveying these involvements together in an environment conducive for larning ( Gray,1989 ) .It has besides been associated with intensive resource committednesss ( money, clip and human capital ) , drawn-out determination devising, reduced determination quality, increased struggle and diminished likeliness of a successful result ( Sample, 1993 ; Steelman 2001 ) . The Precautionary attack is one possible response to wicked jobs in the face of uncertainness and hazard. Some bookmans assert that it is a powerful tool for protecting human wellness and the environment under unsure conditions ( Cameron and Boucher, 1991 ) whiles other believe it is ill- defined, unscientific and of small value to policymaking ( Manson 2002 ) . Still many states have some signifier of precautional rule in topographic point when confronted with unsure wellness hazards though they may non explicitly refer to it ( Zander, 2010 ) .While the chief importance of this rule is embedded in proverbs like † better safe than sorry † it cardinal thought is that engineerings or patterns that have the possible to jeopardize the environment should be banned or strongly regulated until proved safe. Under the precautional rule, the absence or deficiency of grounds refering the harmful nature of a substance or pattern can non function as a justification for detaining action to modulate them ( Raffensperger and Tickner, 1999 ) . For illustration, the issue of planetary warming normally includes statements that either favour business- as -usual or the precautional rule. Oppositions against the rule base their statements on scientific uncertainness sing how worlds have contributed to climate alteration and the badness of effects that may happen. They by and large advocate for farther research to cut down the uncertainnesss before dearly-won emission-reduction policies are implemented. Advocates of the precautional attack on the other manus argue that the likely inauspicious effects of the accretion of nursery gases in the ambiance are serious plenty to warrant potentially dearly-won ordinance despite staying uncertainnesss. Its part to long term, multigenerational effects of policy determinations has been emphasized nevertheless it can non individual -handedly provide a practical usher to covering with wicked jobs.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Causes Of World War One

What were the causes and effects of World War I? The answer to this seemingly simple question is not elementary. There was more to the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince being murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of World War I. Furthermore, the effects of the war were not just concentrated to a post-war era lasting for a generation of Westerners. No, the effects of the war were widespread throughout the world and can be traced to generations after the war. It is not a rare occasion that when a person is asked what the causes of World War I were, that they answer with the simple comment of an Austrian Prince being shot in Serbia. However the assignation of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie , in Sarajevo was not the main cause of the Great War. Rather, it was the breaking point for Austria in its dealings with Serbia. The truth of the matter is that several factors played a role in the outbreak of the catastrophic war the engulfed the nations of Europe for over four years. World War I truly was the result of building aggressions among the countries of Europe which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous pot, there was also imperial competition along with the fear of war prompting military alliances and an arms race. All of these increased the escalating tensions that lead to the outbreak of a world war. (Mckay, pg. 904) Two opposing alliances developed by the Bismarckian diplomacy after the Franco- Prussian War was one of the major causes of the war. In order to diplomatically isolate France, Bismarck formed the Three Emperor’s League in 1872, which was an alliance between Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. Then in 1882 , Bismarck took advantage of Italian resentment toward France and formed the Triple Alliance between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungry. In 1890 Bismarck... Free Essays on Causes Of World War One Free Essays on Causes Of World War One What were the causes and effects of World War I? The answer to this seemingly simple question is not elementary. There was more to the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince being murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of World War I. Furthermore, the effects of the war were not just concentrated to a post-war era lasting for a generation of Westerners. No, the effects of the war were widespread throughout the world and can be traced to generations after the war. It is not a rare occasion that when a person is asked what the causes of World War I were, that they answer with the simple comment of an Austrian Prince being shot in Serbia. However the assignation of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie , in Sarajevo was not the main cause of the Great War. Rather, it was the breaking point for Austria in its dealings with Serbia. The truth of the matter is that several factors played a role in the outbreak of the catastrophic war the engulfed the nations of Europe for over four years. World War I truly was the result of building aggressions among the countries of Europe which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous pot, there was also imperial competition along with the fear of war prompting military alliances and an arms race. All of these increased the escalating tensions that lead to the outbreak of a world war. (Mckay, pg. 904) Two opposing alliances developed by the Bismarckian diplomacy after the Franco- Prussian War was one of the major causes of the war. In order to diplomatically isolate France, Bismarck formed the Three Emperor’s League in 1872, which was an alliance between Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. Then in 1882 , Bismarck took advantage of Italian resentment toward France and formed the Triple Alliance between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungry. In 1890 Bismarck...

Monday, October 21, 2019

A Day in Malaysia essays

A Day in Malaysia essays A Malaysian Day is not to be conceived as a day celebrated by Malaysians to symbolize any particular occasion. Indeed it should denote a typical day of any Malaysian, a microcosm of what is in the daily life a Malaysian amidst the rapid developments in the urban areas and the well-conserved rural environment. My story is spun from my experience during a five-day holiday in Malaysia. Youre going back to Malaysia, my parents announced unexpectedly, handing me air tickets, thus ending weeks of indecision as to where I was to spend my month-long winter break. I was to spend four days in Malaysia, my birth place, a place I hadnt seen in 16 years, since we moved to Birmingham. Day 1 All doubts seemed to fade however, as I stepped on board Malaysia Airlines aircraft. I was greeted warmly by the smiling kebaya-clad air stewardesses of the airline. Hours seemed to fly as the flight progressed, leaving London in the evening and arriving at dawn in Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. I gazed out of the window, awed by the rolling acres of palm trees which sprawled over the humongous oil palm estates. We landed in the space-age designed Kuala Lumpur International Airport. After two hours of transit, I caught a connecting flight to Kuching, the capital of Sarawak, the southern state situated in Borneo. Greeted by my granddad at the airport, I was whisked away on a bumpy 3-hour drive to Sri Aman, where I boarded a boat to Lemanak. Low hanging trees formed canopies at some parts of the river, emitting an eerie green glow as we manoeuvred our way along it. I dipped my hands into the murky brown river, only to be warned by the boatman that it was infested with crocodiles. Needless to say, my hands made a hasty retreat and I spent most of my time looking at croc-like logs drifting down the river. I arrived at the Iban longhouse, the traditional wooden home which sits on stilts. I was gr...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Programming and Developer Certifications

Programming and Developer Certifications As a professional programmer or developer, you can advance your career by earning professional certifications in your field. A certification from one of the big names in the business verifies your skills to current and future employers, so check out some of the many certifications available. Brainbench Certified Internet Professional (BCPIP) Brainbench offers certifications in three areas: Web Developer. Requires instruction and tests on HTML, Programming Concepts, RDBMS Concepts and Web Development Concepts plus four electives are chosen from more than 70 areas of specialization.  Web Administrator. Requires instruction and tests on Internet Security, Network Monitoring, Networking Concepts and Web Server Administration plus two electives chosen from 25 areas of specialization.Web Designer. Requires instruction and tests on HTML 4 and HTML 5, Web Design Concepts and Web Design for Accessibility plus two electives chosen from more than 35 areas of specialization. The certifications are structured to allow participants to choose a certification program based on their job requirements and skill sets. The program is offered online. CIW Certified Internet Webmaster Certifications The CIW Web Development Professional Certification includes front-end scripting language, back-end programming language, and database skills. CIW Web Foundations Associate Certification fosters an understanding of internet business, website design, and data networking.   Microsoft Certifications Microsoft revamped its popular Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer certification in early 2017. At that time, its five credentials- Web Applications, SharePoint Applications, Azure Solutions Architect, Application Lifecycle Management and Universal Windows Platform- were condensed to two new certifications: MCSE: Cloud and Platform Infrastructure. This certification  verifies that the recipient has the skills to run an efficient and modern data center. The training includes cloud technologies, identity management, systems management, virtualization, storage, and networking. Prerequisite: MCSA certification in Windows Server 2016, Cloud Platform, Linux on Azure or Windows Server 2012.MCSD: App Builder. This certification verifies the recipient has the skills needed to build mobile and web applications and services. Prerequisite: MCSA certification in Universal Windows Platform or Web Application. In addition to these certifications, Microsoft offers many other certifications in the fields of mobility, productivity, data, business, and databases.   Learning Tree International  Certifications Learning Tree International offers Specialist and Expert Certifications- each of which requires completion of several courses- in areas that include: Cloud ComputingCyber SecurityJava ProgrammingPython ProgrammingMobile App Development.NET/Visual Studio DevelopmentNetworking and VirtualizationSQL ServerWeb Development Each class lasts four or more days. Participants can attend the live, instructor-led course online. Each topic  has its own specific requirements, which are viewable online at the companys website. Oracle Certifications The list of Oracle certifications is immense and broken into categories of  Applications, Database, Expertise Management, Foundation, Industries, Java and Middleware, Operating Systems, Oracle Cloud, Systems, and Virtualization. Each of the many options has its own set of prerequisites, which is viewable on the Oracle website.   IBM Certifications The IBM list of certifications is lengthy. Among the certifications of interest to developers are: IBM Certified Developer - Apache Spark 1.6IBM Certified Developer - Cognos Real-Time MonitoringIBM Certified Developer - InfoSphere MDM Server v9.0 SAS Certifications Most of the SAS certification tests are earned online. Each one has specific requirements that can be viewed at the training website. Among the many certifications offered by SAS are: SAS Certified Base Programmer for SAS 9SAS Certified Advanced Programmer for SAS 9SAS Certified Data Integration Developer for SAS 9SAS Certified Big Data Professional Using SAS 9

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Investigation of Current Performance in Inverleith Hotel (B&B) Edinbur Assignment

Investigation of Current Performance in Inverleith Hotel (B&B) Edinburg - Assignment Example Additionally, a SWOT analysis of the hotel has been conducted with the aim of understanding strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Inverleith Hotel (B&B) located in Edinburgh, which is a B&B hotel. A comparison is also made between the hotel with other similar size B&B hotels in the same geographical area. Alternatively, it also intends to explain the methods through which the current performance of the hotel can be maintained properly and the possible solutions for the expansion of the business. In order to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Inverleith Hotel (B&B), a SWOT analysis has been conducted. In this respect, the strengths, as well as weaknesses of the hotel, can be determined. The possible opportunities related to the success and development of the hotel can also be ascertained. After identifying the weaknesses and threats, the hotel can reduce the weakness by applying new strategies to improve the performance of the hotel (Practical Entrepreneurship, n.d.). The hotel is one of the leading fast food hotels in England. The hotel focuses on the preferences of the customers, which is one of the important strength of the hotel. This strength helps the hotel to attract the more customers to increase the sale as well as increase the profit of the hotel. It also helps to improve the performance of the employees so that the objectives of the hotel can be accomplished. It has multiple numbers of customers in the market. The financial growth of the hotel has increased to a substantial extent. The geographical area of the hotel is good for marketing or doing business. The facilities provided by the hotel are based on quality standards and in accordance with the needs of the customers. The rooms of the hotel are equipped with modern equipment like telephone and broadband access and with self-catering accommodation (Practical Entrepreneurship, n.d.).

Friday, October 18, 2019

Scott F. Turow English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Scott F. Turow English - Research Paper Example Before diving into as to what potentially Scott F. Turow is mastered in we might like to learn as to what exactly has been formerly associated with the man and to where did his career start and develop to what it is today. Born on 12th April 1949 Scott Turow attended New Trier High School while he effectively graduated from Amherst College in 1970. To his credit Scott F Turow won a fellowship at the Stanford University in the department of Creative writing and later went to the Harvard Law School to become a professional lawyer. With the American population Scott F Turow has been one of the great entertainers in providing crime action thrillers pertaining to novels establishing a very rare authenticated plot that demonstrates originality plus keen sense of suspense closely related to the plot and never in the whole text let’s go of it at any point in time. ... Scott Turow identified that there is also corruption imbedded in the system of judiciary as opposed to a clean legislature and fundamentally highlighted one such aspect in his much acclaimed novel â€Å"Presumed Innocent†. In this novel Scott Turow significantly underlined that the system is prone to even prosecute innocent suspects that have a niche for being at the wrong place at the wrong time. His fictional hypothesis in this novel fundamentally and to a great extent issued a inaugural loop hole in the Judicial system while also made, through the passage of the novel, way to better equip the law for any such future real time cases. In eyes of a fan Scott Turow’s writings generally entertained a crime reader to the core of his or her suspense appetite while also making sure that the message intended in the book was also effectively delivered, for I may quote from the book, Scott Turow: A critical companion â€Å"Turow is an architect of devious narrative. His philos ophical take onthe law is that what you get is never simply what you see, and his medium parallels and reinforces this message. The mystery element of most of the novels remains ambiguous at the end.The narrative, too, typically shifts point of view and time period, with the chronological shifts often showing just how blind the legal system can be at the time of the crime, or how lost events can become in retrospect. Inferences, both legal and commonsense, fill in gaps in the story, but the ultimate truth remains untold†¦.. These particular fact clearly suggest that even though with a legal system as strong as that of the United States of America a typical genius of

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot Essay - 1

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot - Essay Example The author tells how the researchers managed to discover a number of vaccines that they used to treat different diseases including polio, cancer, and other chronic diseases. In fact, the researchers are making billions of dollars from the sale of the vaccines. Nevertheless, even as the scientists make billions of dollars from the research, they do not inform Lacks that the cancer cell used in the research was taken from her body. Neither do they inform her that it is because of the cell taken from her that they are making billions of dollars. In fact, the researchers kept the secrecy of the origin of the cancer cell by adopting the name "Hela" to ensure that the poor Lacks does not know that it was her cancer cell. Finally, Lacks dies of cancer for lack of enough money to receive medical attention. In this regard, Skloot is trying to tell readers how merciless and unjust the society can be (Skloot, 2011). Ethically, the scientists would be expected to obtain the informed consent of Lacks before going ahead to use her cancer cell in the research. Additionally, morally speaking, the researchers would be expected to use the money derived from the sale of the vaccines and drugs to help Lacks manage her health condition. Unfortunately, because the researchers are greedy and selfish, their main interest is to benefit from the business by making billions of dollars. The issue of gender also comes in as the researchers appear to ignore Lacks merely because she is a poor woman without a voice. In this regard, they knew that Lacks would not to do anything about her cell because she is not only poor, but also a woman. Additionally, the issue of race comes into focus as all the researchers who use Lacks cancer cell without permission are whites while Lacks is an African American woman (Skloot,

CRITICAL MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CRITICAL MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES - Essay Example Most contemporary literature in business and psychology strongly indicate that in order to gain high performance from employees, they must perceive a sense of belonging within the organisation. Very centralised organisations, which are being phased out by more inclusive decision-making models, simply cannot satisfy the complex needs of workers and produce negative psychological responses to management presence. Therefore, the role of line management within organisations is evolving with the necessity for managers to adopt more principles and ideologies that are aligned with contemporary human resources theory. Old school management models consider the role of management as being one of planning, organising, leading and controlling, however this is insignificant in the modern business environment if the organisation is to be adaptable to changing market conditions. Today, managers must take a softer approach to leading, a human resources philosophy that attempts to gain trust from emp loyees and where workers are considered highly valuable assets and management works directly to better develop their skills and competencies whilst serving as a role model to gain commitment and loyalty (Armstrong 2007). There is, therefore, an absolutely necessity for line managers to find congruence between traditional management practice and human resources to build a positive organisational culture that is cohesive and dedicated to achieving strategic goals. To develop this culture, which leads to competitive advantage through human capital development, managers must be visionary, communicate regularly with employees, and inspire to prevent resistance to change (Fairholm 2009). In an environment where change and adaptability is absolutely vital to revenue production and sustaining competitive advantage, line managers can no longer negate the absolute necessity to adopt human resource principles into their management models. This essay describes why such congruence in role respon sibility is vital to organisational performance and supersedes old-fashioned hard management models. What drives congruence inevitability Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) describe contingency theory which states that as external market conditions change, the organisation structure must be adaptable in order to remain competitively relevant. Pressures from the external environment mandate that the organisation makes changes to structure which often requires decentralisation in order to maintain flexibility and competitive advantages. In the traditional organisation with high levels of control and bureaucracy, organisational politics are part of the culture and there are significant levels of power distance between managers and employees. In this type of structure, senior-level managers attempt to coordinate power resources at the highest levels of the hierarchy which is defined as resources that one maintains whilst others lack. Such power resources can range from financial assets and b udget to knowledge. This type of organisational po

Thursday, October 17, 2019

MC-revise work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

MC-revise work - Essay Example Now marketing is quite a broad area, which embraces various aspects like price, place, promotion and product. These four aspects form a marketing mix of a firm. As far as the issue of marketing communications is concerned, it actually refers to the area of ‘promotion’ in a marketing mix. In most of the business organizations, marketing communication strategies are found to be in integrated form in the sense that it combines several aspects together. Just like has the broad area of marketing itself, marketing communication also has a mix. Under a marketing communications mix, different elements of communications are incorporated in different quantities to form a campaign. A marketing communications mix comprises of elements like sales promotion, publicity, advertising, direct marketing, e-marketing, branding, and sponsorships and so on. All these elements are generally referred to as marketing communications tools. With time, marketing communications is getting more interrelated, and hence it would be quite interesting to conduct a comprehensive study of different marketing communications strategy applied by the firms in today’s internationalized world where intensity of competition has increased significantly and hence to survive in the market excellent communication strategies are needed to be undertaken. This paper attempts to conduct a case study of a well known firm in the international fashion world, Zara, to analyze its current communication marketing strategies and to provide a marketing communications plan that would help the firm in enhancing its promotional capabilities and help attracting more customers to its stores across the world. However, before moving into the case study analysis, it would be beneficial to provide a brief discussion on different communication theories and various marketing communications tools to enhance the understanding of this marketing issue. The term ‘communication’ refers to exchange of information. An

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Economic of race and gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic of race and gender - Essay Example Question One Emergence of changing gender roles and family in the modern society and women are advancing in their career and taking even more challenging roles at work that were believed to be men oriented. One of the factors that have contributed a lot to the shift to the joint conjugal roles is the mobility with respect to work and career (Kirby, 54). Most of the families with one couple being challenged physically may have the man performing the housework and childcare tasks. This is because those who are disabled may not fully perform these tasks or even go to work hence the other partner will have no choice but to do these duties. However, in certain modern families, there are women going to work while the man remain in the homes to take care of the children and do the housework (Kirby, 55).. By default assumption some family set ups and communities believe that the women are supposed to perform the housework and take care of the children while the men are supposed to work and p rovide; food, shelter and clothing to the family (Blundell & McNeill, 65). Question Two Lack of employment in most developing countries is also a major contributor to the inequalities in the pay. Low economic growth rate accompanied by bad governance is the source of unemployment and low paid jobs in most African countries compared to Europe (Clegg 23). He also argues that there are so many people looking for few jobs and in some cases the jobs are not even there. Corruption which is rooted in these countries also denies the right persons of the opportunities in the public sector thereby leaving most skilled labor. Some of which are exported to other countries which have their own legislative restrictions and therefore they encounter discrimination in those jobs. Question Three Discrimination against the tribes and races also contributes to the differences in the pay even if two different people working in different nations or in the same nation have the same qualifications (Blau & Winkler, 243). It is common to find that international companies which have gone global in terms of their operations do not provide similar work conditions for their employees. You find that a marketing manager for the Coca-Cola Company is paid higher in the United States of America than in South Africa. Even though the differences may be attributed to by the kind of profits that is realized and the size of the market that one has to capture as a manager, the differences are relatively not realistic. The variation in the pay is seen across all the nations across the world. However, there is a pattern for the relatively low pay for women in all the nations. Question Four Family serves as an economic unit since it constitutes members who determine the highest level of satisfaction that they can derive from different activities. The family provides the education and other important services in the process of raising the members of the society. It is therefore noticeable that the family plays an important role in determining the structure of employment in the overall economy. Discrimination in the pay that begins from the family persists in the society. The traditional roles of women and other discrimination with respect to the education of

MC-revise work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

MC-revise work - Essay Example Now marketing is quite a broad area, which embraces various aspects like price, place, promotion and product. These four aspects form a marketing mix of a firm. As far as the issue of marketing communications is concerned, it actually refers to the area of ‘promotion’ in a marketing mix. In most of the business organizations, marketing communication strategies are found to be in integrated form in the sense that it combines several aspects together. Just like has the broad area of marketing itself, marketing communication also has a mix. Under a marketing communications mix, different elements of communications are incorporated in different quantities to form a campaign. A marketing communications mix comprises of elements like sales promotion, publicity, advertising, direct marketing, e-marketing, branding, and sponsorships and so on. All these elements are generally referred to as marketing communications tools. With time, marketing communications is getting more interrelated, and hence it would be quite interesting to conduct a comprehensive study of different marketing communications strategy applied by the firms in today’s internationalized world where intensity of competition has increased significantly and hence to survive in the market excellent communication strategies are needed to be undertaken. This paper attempts to conduct a case study of a well known firm in the international fashion world, Zara, to analyze its current communication marketing strategies and to provide a marketing communications plan that would help the firm in enhancing its promotional capabilities and help attracting more customers to its stores across the world. However, before moving into the case study analysis, it would be beneficial to provide a brief discussion on different communication theories and various marketing communications tools to enhance the understanding of this marketing issue. The term ‘communication’ refers to exchange of information. An

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space Essay Example for Free

IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space Essay IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) assigned Internet Protocol Address to the vendors. Internet Protocol version four divided by five structure classes. The five structure classes are A, B, C, D, and E classes. What are the historical signification for classes A, B, and C? What are the address spaces for each class? What are RFC 1918 Internet Protocol address ranges and its special use? The first three classes (A, B, C) are mainly for public use, and the last two classes (D and E) are for experimental and reserved for multicast. The first octet in the Internet Protocol Address determines its structure class. Class A addresses are ranges from one to one hundred and twenty-six in the first octet. Class B addresses are ranges from one hundred twenty-eight to one hundred and ninety-one in the first octet. Class C addresses are ranges from one hundred and ninety-two to two hundred and twenty-three in the first octet. Class D addresses are ranges from two hundreds and twenty-four to two hundred and thirty-nine in the first octet. Finally, class D addresses are ranges from two hundred and forty to two hundred and fifty in the first octet. Class A Internet Protocol addresses are reversed for a few large organizations. The network identifiers in class A are the remaining seven bits of the first octet. Class A addresses are available up to sixteen millions host addresses. Class B addresses are for medium sized enterprise. The first two octets (16 bits) in class B Internet Protocol addresses are for network addresses. The last two octets (16 bits) in class B are for the host addresses. Class B addresses has more than 65,000 networks. Class C Internet Protocol addresses are commonly found networks in the internet. Class C Internet Protocol are private addresses. The first three octets (twenty-one bits) in class C addresses are for network addresses. The last octets (eight bits) in Class C address are for host identifiers. There are more than sixteen millions network addresses in Class C Internet Protocol. Class D Internet Protocol addresses are for multicasting and is not for general use. Class D addresses are not used for public.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Pepsi marketing plan and business strategy

Pepsi marketing plan and business strategy As a student of strategic marketing, we have asked to make a marketing plan for an organization along with its relation to overall business strategy. For this purpose we have chose PEPSI and we shall be discussing its operations in Pakistan, PEPSI has been market leader in beverage industry since its launch in Pakistan but bow a major threat is been faces by aggressive marketing strategies by Coke. In the below mentioned lines we shall be discussing the marketing strategies to overcome such challenges. Marketing Plan Business Strategy Marketing plan and business strategy are two different things, business strategy or organizational objectives give the direction that where this organization will be going and how we are going to do business, in this sense business objectives play the role of very fundamental principles upon which all the departments establish their operational guidelines. On the other hand marketing plan is the tool to achieve the business objectives, while business objective tells what we are going to do marketing plan tells how we are going to do that. This makes a clear relationship between marketing plan and business strategy, where business strategy plays the role of guiding arrows (Wison, Gilligan, 1999). Since there are different kinds of business strategies, three of them are more popular, cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Keeping this in mind there will be different marketing plans if different organizations within the same industry opt for different business strategies. Competitor form same industry may have different business strategy thus their marketing plan will differ. Where ever a marketing plan is made it should have a clear understanding and link with business strategy otherwise organization will be going in one direction and marketing department will be going in other direction resulting in complete failure (Aaker, 2008). Components of a Marketing Plan A good marketing plan can have several components, ranging from industry analysis to media plan; however it depends from industry to industry and product to product that what a marketing plan should include, it also depends on the problem at hand and urgency of the requirement. However below are few components that marketing should in normal circumstanced, addition and subtraction is dependent on the situation. Company Analysis Company analysis gives the information about the current situation of organization, it comments of strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in front of the company, for this purpose SWOT analysis is always a good tool to work with, BCG Matrix is also and good tool to judge the performance of company. Going more deep marketing plan can also or marketing audit report to judge the current performance of marketing department and then also suggest the ways to improve it, there are many tools available to do so, details which is not required here. Industry Analysis Industry analysis provides the information about the overall industry environment, its dynamics and level of competition. To have this information PEST and Porters five forces model are widely used tools to get birds eye view about the industry. Customer Information This is a high importance, risky and tricky part, it gives basic information about customers, their liking disliking, values, decision making behaviors, demographics and consuming patterns of the product. All this information is later used in construction of marketing plan, and it is also the basic brick for the segmentation part, If we as marketer fail to know the customer properly, total marketing plan will lead to wrong decision making. Competitor Analysis This part also has a relatively high importance, gives the information about competitors, their strengths, weaknesses, competitive edge, business strategy, value proposition, positioning and product features, customers opinions about competitors and their marketing mix analysis. Having the correct information about competitor, which is not always an easy this to do, can give you a clear understanding of current market situation and also helps in making better strategically moves. Segmentation One of the most important and risky part of marketing plan is segmentation, after getting the customer analysis done via detailed marketing research, market is divided into heterogeneous segments, thats where company can make the mistake, since rest of the marketing mix is dependent of the segmentation, it has be to be done very carefully, any misinterpretation of the information can lead any component of the marketing mix towards wrong direction. 2nd step in after segmentation is segment selection and making of marketing strategy, there are different approaches towards selection of selection, one, more or all segments can be selected for the target, and different marketing mix are made for each segment. Marketing Mix Product This includes the product description, its working, its brand name and positioning, its value proposition, how it is better than competitors product, and what advantages it gives to customer for increasing their value for money. What image we want to produce regarding product in customers mind. This may also include its packaging information and various packaging options can be given in this part. Price This part deals with the pricing of the product, how we are going to price that product, what is the relationship of price with overall positioning, how is price is going to be perceived, what are the discount offering and how we are going to bundle the price, these are questions that may be answered in this section. Place This deals with channel of distribution, what channel is to be acquired, how we are going to handle intermediaries, what role whole seller and retailer will be playing the distribution of the product, where we are going open outlets, what is the criteria of outlet selection, what convenience we are going to give to customer and how we are going to make the availability of the product. Promotion This part deals with actually promoting the product, this should discuss the sales promotion offers, long term or short term promotional strategies, integrated marketing communication strategies, media selection and its relationship with target market. Reach and effectiveness of each medium selected. A brief media plan can also accompany this section. Marketing Plan and Risks There are several risk that one can face while constructing the marketing plan, one of the risk is lack of required information, we need information from within company, we need information from industry and most importantly we need information from our competitors, this amount of information is not readily available, some time it is really hard to get secondary data, while have not sufficient information it is risky to make critical decision and that puts the entire marketing plan on stake. One another aspect of risk is the correctness and validity of information, secondary data is a good source but at the same time it is a risky proposition to make your decision on the basis of the information which is doubted to be valid. The above mentioned both risk deals with industry information as well as competitor information. One another risk is also there which is lack of understanding of information, that mainly deals with the customer analysis part and affects the segmentation that in result affects the entire marketing mix, misunderstanding the research or taking the research into wrong direction are main reasons with this. The final risk is the lack of managements consent on the marketing plan, in some cases marketing department works in on direction and entire company works in other direction, this risk also deals with non-compliance of marketing plan with business objectives. Marketing Plan-PEPSI PEPSI has been the market leader in cola industry in Pakistan, here their business strategy is low cost leadership, below presented marketing plan is made keeping in mind the business strategy. Company Analysis PEPSI has been the market leader in beverage industry in Pakistan; it has gained this position by leveraging first movers advantage and then maintained this position with its aggressive marketing and channel management techniques. Its strengths are a well established brand name, a well managed distribution channel, and strong financial backing. Its weakness are inability to cope with local beverage producers as they take them lightly and now they are becoming a threat, more over cokes aggressive marketing is also a threat to PEPSI. Industry Analysis Beverage industry in Pakistan has been a highly competitive industry since the emergence of other player like Coke and some local manufacturers. With almost zero switching cost, relatively very low differentiation in taste and wide variety of available substitutes makes the cola customer very difficult to make brand loyal. Increasing advertising and operational cost along with every day increasing power of retailer making the competition more intense where price and brand is not the only factor which can give them the success. Now the power rests with customer and retailer as there are many substitutes available to cola drink, not only direct substitutes but also indirect substitutes are also available when come to satisfaction of thrust. Customer Analysis Since company has been on mass marketing strategy then everybody is a prospect customer, everybody who gets thirsty is a customer of PEPSI, cola drinks are kind of product which is presented with food and to guests, so the main purpose is not satisfying the thrust but having a little bit more luxury in drinking. Keeping this thing in mind we come to know that cola customer will be using this product on some special occasions like family get together, or having food or presenting it to guests. So at while drinks are not presented in original bottle customer will be less brand concisions. Pakistani market is always been price sensitive, so is the case with cola. However it is highly affected by the availability factor. Competitor Analysis This is highly competitive market, with more substitutes and zero switching costs. During the last decade Coke has been a tough competitor for PEPSI, with its aggressive marketing campaigns, increasing and aggressive channel of distribution and a good positioning coke is emerging a well established widely accepted and preferred brand especially in metropolitan cities. Another emerging competitor is a local producer which is not really a major threat for PEPSI but yes it has all the capabilities required to become and major competitor, its brand name is Gourmet Cola, a private brand of a local bakery chain, this chain is getting being widely accepted in metropolitan and its growing like anything Segment Selections Apparently there are not much difference in the customer of cola, the same taste is accepted everywhere in the some variation, there is a minor segment which is diet conscious and want a zero calorie cola drink. If we talk about the segment selection then company should go for and its has been going for mass marking, standard marketing mix for everyone, for diet conscious customers diet Pepsi should be introduced. Right now we shall be talking about standard cola drink and its marketing. Marketing Mix Product The product is a standard cola drink, that satisfies the need of thrust and more it works a drink to be presented with the food and on get together occasions. It is positioned as a drink which relates to personal achievement, its focus will be I being the personal achievement. It will be positioned as drink of youth, the drink of successful youth. The element of excitement and emotions will be included in the positioning. It will be presented in various packaging, for example pet bottle, half letter, one litter and 2.5 litters, this packing variation will increase and help its use on various occasions. Price Since it has been a high price competitive industry, price of PEPSI will be kept at par of the industry, some discounts will be introduced in the bulk buying and on one litter and more packaging. Since colas are affected with the push of retailer, good dealer and retailer margins will be given to retailer and distributer, so that they can make sure the availability and push the product, since brand loyal is low in this product, retailer push is always required and helpful in getting the desired results. Channel of Distribution This part is one of the most important parts of the entire marketing plan. Here in Pakistan retailer has the power in the channel more than any other industry, colas has more substitutes, low brand loyalty and zero switching cost, customer will drink whatever cola brand is available on the retail shop, that scenario gives more power to retailer. So we shall be focusing in the improving our strength in retail channel, building the relationships with retailers, making sure the availability and leveraging the exclusivity on retail shops, and giving them more commission so that they can maintain the exclusivity and push the product to customer, once retailer push and exclusivity is achieved there will be no problem with customer to buy the product. Promotion This is another high importance component of marketing plan; more focus will be given on this part as well. PEPSI will focus on building brand and up to some extent brand loyalty among youth by focusing on its positioning and also by maintaining brand recall. More sales promotions will be offered during local occasions like EID etc. followed and good spend on the media especially during the promotional period. Mitigation Strategy There are few elements in plan that are of high risk, one the positioning factor that needs to be handled in a careful manner, the individual success positioning can turn back, on the other hand Cokes positioning is we the family and get together, if positioning can is not handled properly its can be a disaster. The second risky elements is the increasing power of retailers, we are at the same time exploiting the retailer power but on the other hand giving more power to them by adopting push strategy, if more and more power is given to retailer then in the end they will be able to blackmail us on their own conditions. To handle this risk brand should be build so strong that it can generate pull. Plans Relation with Strategic Objective Business strategy is cost leadership, since PEPSI is a market leader is has to maintain its position and at the same time they want to reduce costs. Now if we look at the marketing plan it focuses on the push strategy, building relationships with retailers, giving them incentives for push and winning exclusivity on the retail out lets, if this plan is executed well we can reduce out marketing cost without compromising or even increasing on sales and market share. This plan also suggest that PEPSI should get exclusivity on the large cash and carry retail stores like, METRO, MACRO Hyperstar where customers buy in large quantities, if they are able to do so their marketing cost will decrease and sales will increase noticeably. One can argue that plan also supports the brand building which is an expensive thing to do, I would answer that brand building and getting mindshare is something unavoidable, this is not a luxury spending of marketing budgets but it is in return creates the pull for the brand and pays in the longer run. Agreement and Plan Tracking The success of the plan depends on the total consolidated effort by the entire company that is why managements approval and consent will be required to get whole organization on board. This plan will be presented to all stake holder and if management approves then all other departments will be working on the same direction, for example if management want to cut cost then they are do so with a better management of supply chain, similarly other departments will have their roles to play in achievement of strategic objectives. Success of the plan will be tracked at every execution step with continuously monitoring, on the brand side studies will be conducted to monitor the achievement of brand related targets like top of the mind brand recall, retailer relationship management will be monitored that ho successful we have been bringing retailers on boards and winning exclusivity. A relationship of these tracking studies with overall market share and sales will be established that will determine the success of this plan, if problem found and targets are not achieved then strategy will be review and necessary actions will be taken to improve the performance. Conclusion Making a strategic plan is a tricky this, challenge is to keep the department on the track provided the top management while producing the workable and successful solution, at the same time direction of the other stake holders is also required to be in the same direction. While every care is taken even then there are chance that plan is based on some misunderstanding of information required or required information is also not provided, these are the greatest challenges that a strategic marketer has to face. For getting the plan worked a continuous monitoring is required on its execution part. Some very good strategies tend to fail while in execution, that is another care that a strategic marketer has to be careful about.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Steel Plant EAF Electrical System :: essays research papers

The modern steel plant receives low current, high voltage power from the generators of the electrical utility company. The purpose of the steel plant primary transformer is to step-down this voltage. The transformer thus provides high current, low voltage power for the EAF furnace. Large furnaces with transformers rated at 100MVA or higher is not uncommon. There are usually two stages to this process. The transformer first steps-down the voltage from high to medium levels. There are different standards for a â€Å"medium-level voltage† in different countries; usually between 30 to 33 kV for Europe and Japan, but for the USA it is usually 34.5 kV. Finally, a heavy duty furnace transformer powers the EAF. This special furnace transformer is designed to allow the electric arc to operate within the desired current and voltage range. To safeguard the EAF electrical system from the primary power supply are two types of switches: a vacuum switch and a motorized disconnect switch. These two switches are designed to isolate the EAF electrical system from the primary transformer in case of an emergency. Other electrical systems around the EAF are the delta closure, the power cables, the current conduction arm, and the electrode holders. The power cables provide a connection between the delta closure and the current conducting arm. It is usually made of copper wires, with a rubber water jacket around the outside for water-cooling the cables. The power cable is connected with the current conducting arm, usually made of copper clad steel or aluminum alloys. This system weighs a lot less than the old bus-bar design that a lot of the older furnaces used. The current conducting arm conducts current directly from the power cable to the electrode holders. The electrode holders must withstand thermal cycling (not so much for our furnace, since our furnace should have a continuous feed) and severe mechanical loading and wear due to vibrations, torsion forces and such.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Automobile Suspension Systems :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vehicle suspension is the system of springs and dampers that controls vertical oscillations of the vehicle, determining ride comfort and operating safety. With the technology available today, there are three different functions that can be accomplished with adjustable, electronically controlled suspension.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The simplest suspension adjustment is load-leveling used to control ride height for towing and carrying a heavy load in the trunk. Early versions, such as Packards in the fifties, utilized torsion bar rear springs. Ride height was adjusted by rotating the anchored end of the bar with a starter-type motor, a gearbox and heavy bell crank linkage. Since the weight on the front axle doesn’t change much, the motor solenoid was controlled with a simple mercury switch mounted parallel to the frame rail, acting as the rear height sensor. Simple load-leveling suspensions today use air-adjustable springs or shock absorbers, an onboard air compressor and a real ride height sensor that supplies data to a control unit or an onboard computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next function of an electronic suspension is semi-active suspension. Semi- active suspension works by changing spring and/or dampening rate. The control unit receives information about vehicle behavior, interprets that information as road surface condition and driver intent, then adjusts dampening to a programmed level of firmness. Dampening adjustment is usually accomplished with a shock absorber that has several different orifice valves to control the flow of oil, with a solenoid or stepper motor used to control valve selection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally comes the full-active suspension. A fully active system can counteract body motions by actually forcing the suspension to extend in response to measured and anticipated vehicle motion. In many ways, active suspension is simpler than other systems because it doesn’t need exotic shock absorbers or air spring technology, just four hydraulic rams and the attendant valves and plumbing.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Expository Essay on Early Childhood Education Essay

This essay is on Early Childhood Education. Early Childhood Education is a very important program for children. Without a substantial preschool program children are set up to fail. For those of you who are looking for a way to give your child or children a competitive edge Early Childhood Education is the way to go. Children that go through an Early Childhood Education program will not have to worry about the effects the program has on their future collegiate experience. The lack of preschool experience can lead to â€Å"poor school adjustment outcomes such as school failure, unemployment, and poverty†. â€Å"Studies of a wide variety of programs such as Head Start, Even Start, Flow Through, Learning to Learn and other model programs have shown that one or two years of preschool can improve children’s school readiness, early scholastic achievement, and school competence such as lower grade retention and special education placement. † †Research supports the effects of preschool programs on long term outcomes such as reduced school dropout rates† (Berrueta – Clement, Schweinhart, Barnett, Epstein, & Weikart, 1984; Reynolds 1994; Schweinhart, Barnes, & Weikart 1993) . With such research and evidence I strongly believe Early Childhood Education is the most important way a parent or guardian can kick start a child’s education. Not only does Early Childhood Education affect academics it also affects the economy. â€Å"The conventional view of economic development typically includes company headquarters, office towers, entertainment centers, and professional sports stadiums and arenas. (Art Rolnick Senior Vice President and Director of Research; Rob Grunewald, Regional Economic Analyst Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 2003)† In laymen’s terms this means that we typically see economic development as anything ranging from company headquarters to professional sports stadiums and arenas. â€Å"Any proposed economic development list should have early childhood development at the top. The return on investment from early childhood development is extraordinary. It results in better working public schools, more educated workers and less crime. † â€Å"High quality early childhood education is essential to a child’s preparation for school. What is more, quality early education is inextricably tied to the workforce—the training, preparation and working conditions of those who provide care. Public policy decisions that prioritize resource availability for developing, implementing and monitoring a high quality early childhood care and education system are almost invariably affected by budgetary and regulatory constraints. † In other words the budget and regulatory constraints decide the priority of early childhood care and education. In my opinion this is how early childhood education affects the economy. Not only does early childhood education have impact on academics and the economy it also has impact on children’s socialization. â€Å"Preschool experiences are designed to provide cognitive and social enrichment during early childhood development. † â€Å"As the pressures on preschools to prepare children for school mount, there is growing recognition that this involves both exposure to pre-academic Social-Emotional Effects of Tulsa Pre-K 2105 learning and support for the range of capacities that enable children to engage in learning, attend to instruction, interact effectively with teachers and peers, and manage themselves with growing independence in the classroom (Raver & Knitzer, 2002). † So this is how I believe early childhood education has an impact on children’s socialization. Going through all of the research on this subject reinforced to me how important early childhood education really is. Early Childhood Education is a very important program for children. Without a substantial preschool program children are set up to fail. Just to refresh your memory the main points in this essay were that early childhood education affects academics, the economy, and children’s socialization. References Fred C. Lunenburg. Center for Research and Doctoral Studies in Educational Leadership Sam Houston State University Gormley Jr. , W. T. , Phillips, D. A. , Newmark, K. , Welti, K. , & Adelstein, S. (2011). Social-Emotional Effects of Early Childhood Education Programs in Tulsa. Child Development, 82(6), 2095-2109. doi:10. 1111/j. 1467-8624. 2011. 01648. x Art Rolnick Senior Vice President and Director of Research Rob Grunewald Regional Economic Analyst Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (Raver & Knitzer, 2002). † (Berrueta – Clement, Schweinhart, Barnett, Epstein, & Weikart, 1984; Reynolds 1994; Schweinhart, Barnes, & Weikart 1993).

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Aerofoil Design Xflr5

Aashiq Zakir Hussain12108227 | Supervisor : | Dr. Patrick Frawley | Submission : Date | 26th October 2012 | ABSTRACT Airfoil is the main part of the airplane which contributes the lift required by the airplane to fly in the air. By varying the wing’s area and the angle of attack, different lift can be created and can be used to fly the airplane. This program named XFLR5 is used for determining the airfoil characteristics.It will help them to save a lot of time on computing the equations and on the trial and error method. The program can also be used as basic tool to show the users what will happen when some variables like Reynolds number, the AOA of the wings and the speed of the aircraft are changed and how it will affect the results and lift generated. This project report deals with the analysis of widely used airfoils in the modern aircrafts. In this analysis, the lift, drag, pressure profiles and their coefficients of the airfoils are been calculated using xflr5 program.Th ese are obtained in the form of graphical representation by feeding data such as Reynolds number, Mach number, Angle of Attack and dimensions of the airfoils to the program. The results such as maximum lift coefficient, stalling angle, maximum lift to drag ratio and such parameters are obtained and are been compared with each other.Re| Reynolds number| -| ?| Angle of Attack| -| M| Mach number| -| Cp | Pressure Coefficient| -| Cl| Lift Coefficient| -| Cd| Drag Coefficient| -| Cl / Cd| Glide Ratio| -| T| Thickness| mm| c| Chord| -| INTRODUCTION Airfoils are the primary shapes which allow streamlined flow over it when it is driven through air. These shapes do not produce much drag compared to other shapes as so it is used in all aircraft structural parts which is subjected to airflow. Basically airfoils can be divided into many types by slightly varying their thickness, length, camber area and so on without after the shape.In this analysis we deal with airfoil shapes known as NACA airf oils. The  NACA airfoils  are just  shapes of airfoils used for aircraft wings, which is developed by the  National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics  (NACA). The shape of the NACA airfoils is determined using a  series  of digits followed by the word â€Å"NACA. † The series is divided using digits from 1-8. We only deal with the 4-digit series of airfoils in this analysis. The 4 digit airfoils we are going to discuss in this analysis are 0004, 0008, 0012, 0016, 0020, 0312, 1312, 2312, 3312, 2112, 2512 and 2712.In this 4 digit series, 1st digit denotes the maximum  camber  as percentage of the  chord, 2nd digit denotes the distance of maximum camber from the airfoil leading edge in tens of percent's of the chord and this last 3rd and 4th digits denotes  maximum thickness of the airfoil as percent of the chord. The key features we are going to discuss about in this analysis are the effects of Angle of Attack, Reynolds number, Mach number, Camber and Thi ckness. The basic aerodynamic design is to obtain maximum lift and minimum drag which will be expressed in terms of coefficient of lift (Cl) and coefficient of drag (Cd).Using this program known as XFLR5, we are going to compare the characteristics of all the airfoils. As the operating valves such as Angle of Attack, Mach number, Reynolds number are to be fed in to the program and this will give us the required graph of the parameters such as Cl, Cd, alpha, Cp and so on. Using these results achieved from the program, it will be easier to find out the airfoil with highest Cl at various angles of attack, which has got highest stalling angle and the airfoil with best glide ratio and so on. OBJECTIVESThis report is basically done to find out airfoils with maximum lift to drag ratio by comparing many airfoils each other and allowing their camber area, thickness and the location of the camber to deviate to the small percentage of the chord. By doing this, we can achieve a best airfoil des ign that can be used in live aircrafts. LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction: * If an aircraft has to fly, force has to be counter balanced by the weight as it must be opposite to its magnitude. This force is known as lift. Lift plays a major factor on the airplane flight.The main plane (wings) generates more lift as it is the important load carrying member. * The aerofoil sections have been started to get developed in late 1800’s. In 1884 H. F. Phillips with the help of wind tunnel, tested and made series of airfoils. At the same time Otto Lilienthal with the help of the bird’s wings, designed airfoil shapes. It was found that the key factor is that the wing curvature or camber. The early airplanes were biplanes because, the airfoils were thin and cambered as shown in figure 2. 1. Figure 2. 1: Hanson http://www. biplanefun. om/assets/Image/Hanson_215217_001. jpg Nowadays these types of aircrafts are not used, as all airfoils are made by trial and error method. Airfoils used in 1920’s (NACA). ( http://www. desktop. aero/appliedaero/airfoils1/images/sections1. gif) Figure 2. 2: Ancient development in airfoils For the project, the NACA 4 digit airfoil format will be use for the program which is generating the airfoil’s shape and the thin airfoil theory will be use for computing the important parameters of the wing. * 1. ii Terminology for Airfoil and Airplane:Basic parts of an airfoil that must be known before getting in to the chapter of NACA 4 digit series. The diagram below describes the parts of an airfoil from which series are determined. Figure 2. 3: Airfoil Terminology airfoil (http://www. copters. com/aero/pictures/Fig_2-10. gif) Figure 2. 5: Plane Axes (http://www. allstar. fiu. edu/aero/images/fig25. gif) 1. iii Definitions: The line drawn midway between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil is known as mean camber.The straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil is known as chord. Leading edge is the front of the airfoil. Trailing edge is the end of the airfoil. The angle between the chord and the line representing the relative airflow is known as the angle of attack (AOA). Camber of an airfoil is the upper and lower surfaces curvature. The airfoil’s thickness and amount of lift the airfoil will generate is determined by the cambered area. When the term upper camber is used, it is referring to the upper surface of the airfoil. When the term lower camber is used, it is referring to the lower surface of the airfoil.Span is the distance from a tip of the wing to the other tip of the wing. * 1. iv The Four Forces on the Airplane Figure 2. 6: Forces on an airplane (http://anjungsainssmkss. files. wordpress. com/2011/09/plane_forces. jpg) * The four main forces that maintain the aircraft in steady flight and helps fly are Lift, Drag, Weight and Thrust. Thrust is a forward pulling which is generated by the engine(powerplant). Thrust opposes the drag. Thrust depends upon the powe r of the engine as high power engines produce more thrust and the type of the engines with respect to their mounted location.Drag is a force which opposes the thrust as when the aircraft moves in high speed the air passes over and below the surface produce drag. It is a resistive force. The weight is a force of an airplane which is acting downwards due to the force of gravity. This force pulls down on the plane and opposes the lift force. This force mainly depends upon the weight of the aircraft and so it depends upon how much we load and the total weight we use to build the aircraft. Lift is an important force in the aircraft which tends the aircraft to fly.It is generated as aircraft moves at high speed and is generated below the airfoil surface of the main plane. At this time, there will be low pressure acting over the wing and high pressure under the wing. The four forces act on any airplanes in flight and are interconnected. In order for the airplane to take off, lift must over come weight and thrust must overcome drag. During landing, thrust must be reduced below the level of drag and lift must be reduced below the weight of the airplane. * * * 1. v Theory of Lift: * Lift is an important force as it sustains an airplane in ir and enables it to manoeuvre. The theory of lift has been debated for a long time and currently still debating. However this project is not about debating the theory of lift but to design the airfoil. Therefore to cover the theory of lift, the 2 more popular explanations which are the Newton’s Law and the Bernoulli’s Principle will be discuss briefly. * Principles of Physics such as the principle of conservation of momentum, the principle of the conservation of mass and the principle of the conservation of energy are the basic principles to be known and to be considered to understand lift force.The principle of the conservation of momentum is covered by Newton’s Law. And the principle of the conservation of energy is covered Bernoulli Principles. Both can be use to explain the basics principles on how lift is form and are compatible with each other. In the following explanations, air is assumed as an ideal fluid and therefore 3 major assumptions about the physical properties of the airflow are made: * The airflow over a wing is incompressible. The airflow is inviscid which means the viscosity of air is approaching zero. The airflow around the wing is steady. * * * 1. vi Newton’s Law Explanation: Lift is generated by a wing as it moves through the air at an angle of attack. This will turn the airflow downward and the wing itself will have the force acting in an upward direction. In order to make use of the Newton’s Law, we need to know a theory known as the Coanda Effect. Coanda Effect stated â€Å"A moving stream of fluid in contact with a curved surface will tend to follow the curvature of the surface rather than continue travelling in a straight line. † This states tha t, when the air hits the wing when it is subjected through air, the angle changes the wing dimension as it is tilted to an extent.At this stage air do not reflect back as it stays over the wing. From Coanda Effect, we know that the wing is changing the direction of the airflow and also changing the velocity. Since lift is a force, according to Newton’s 2nd law of motion: * Force = mass x acceleration (F=ma) * Acceleration is a change in velocity with respect to time and force will be: * Force = mass x (change in velocity / change in time) * Therefore a change in velocity will generate a force and a force will cause a change in velocity.Velocity has both a magnitude called speed and a direction is associated with it. It is a vector quantity. Therefore by changing the direction of the airflow, the wing is also causing an increase in velocity which results in an acceleration. This change in velocity also generates a reaction force on the wing acting in an upwards direction. * Th is principle of Newton’s 3rd law which states â€Å"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction† helps to explain the nature of lift. The reaction force experienced by the wing is the total reaction. Figure 2. : Forces on an airfoil (http://www. free-online-private-pilot-ground-school. com/images/forces_airfoil. gif) * 1. vii Bernoulli’s Principle: Bernoulli’s Principle can be referred to as the law of conservation of energy and the total energy in a moving mass of fluid consists of potential energy, kinetic energy and the fluid’s pressure energy. It states that sum of all energies result in a constant value for the steady flow of an ideal fluid. Bernoulli’s Principle shows that as the velocity of a fluid flow changes, the pressure will change as well.This means that when the fluid’s velocity increases, the pressure will decrease and vice versa. Using this principle of pressure variation with velocity change, lift force developed by the wing can be accurately predicted in the same way as Newton’s Law. Figure 2. 8: Example of Bernoulli’s Principle (http://images. rcuniverse. com/magazine/reviews/455/bernoulli. jpg) Using Bernoulli’s Principle, the kinetic energy of the air will be highest where the pressure energy is the lowest and lowest where the pressure energy is the highest.This will result in an increase of the airflow for the upper surface of the wing and decreases for the lower surface of the wing. Therefore there will be a lower pressure on the upper surface of the wing and a higher pressure on the lower surface of the wing. This will result in a force acting in an upwards direction. Using equation: Force = Pressure x Area The lift force will be proportional to the pressure differential across the wing multiplied by the wing’s surface area. For Bernoulli’s Principle, it does not provide any explanation on why the airflow is faster on the top surface of the wing.The Newton’s Law also did not explain why the air deflects downward. Both theories only explain how lift is created. * 1. viiiThe Factors affecting Lift: Lift is the main source of force which enables the airplanes to fly. In order to generate enough lift, several factors have to be taken into consideration as they affect the amount of lift the airplane can generate. The general equation for lift is Lift = lift coefficient x {(air density x velocity2)/2} x wing area Where the lift coefficient is given by: Lift coefficient = 2 x pi x (AOA – calculated AOA at zero lift) Therefore the factors affecting lift are: The Angle of Attack (AOA). * The airfoil shape. * Airspeed. * Wing size. * Air density. The air density depends on the height which the airplane is flying. As the height of the airplane decreases, the air density will increase which will also result in higher lift generated. Therefore to generate the same amount of lift when the air density increases, the velocity of the airplane must increase. The Angle of Attack (AOA) of the airplane’s wing which is denoted by the Greek letter alpha ?. AOA is the angle between the oncoming air or relative wind and a reference line on the wing which in this case is the chord.It is one of the important parameters for handling and designing of a plane as a typical wing only has a limited range of angles of attack As the AOA increases, the lift generated by the airfoil is also increased. However, once the AOA reaches a certain angle known as the Critical Angle, the airplane will stall as the airflow will separate from the upper surface, resulting in a loss of lift which means the airplane will stall. This will result in cavitations and lose in lift force. It will also produce drag force as shown in figure 2. 9. Figure 2. 9: Diagram of how AOA affects the air flow (http://www. ero-mechanic. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/2-8-283Ãâ€"300. jpg) The lift depends upon the airfoil and the force the air flows over it. Thus when airflow is more, lift produced is maximum. Comparing a cambered airfoil and a symmetric airfoil, a cambered airfoil produced more lift than a symmetric airfoil. Even a flat plate subjected to the air will produce lift. Thus the airfoil should be designed in such a way that it produces high lift to drag ratio. * 1. ix NACA 4 series: In the 1930s, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) developed several sets of airfoils and camber lines.The â€Å"Characteristics of 78 Related Airfoil Sections from Tests in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel† report was published by the NACA. In this report, the authors discovered that the airfoils that are successful had many similarities. The two primary variables that affected the airfoil shapes are the slope of the airfoil mean camber line and the thickness distribution above and below the line. Many of this airfoil shapes have been in use as tails and wings of airplanes over the years. The first family of airfoi ls designed using this approached is the NACA 4 series.In the NACA 4 series, the 1st digit indicates the maximum camber (m) in percentage of the chord, the 2nd digit indicates the position of the maximum camber (p) in tenths of cord and the last 2 digits provide the maximum thickness (t) of the airfoil in percentage of chord. For example, the NACA 2412 airfoil will have a maximum camber of 2% located at 40% from the leading edge with maximum thickness of 12% cord. 4-digit series airfoils by default have a maximum thickness of 30% of the chord from the leading edge. Therefore with the first 2 digits 00, it indicates that there is no camber and is a symmetrical airfoil.To find the mean camber line, it can be calculated using: To calculate for the thickness distribution, equation 2. 3 is used. Currently in the market, there are several NACA 4 series airfoil generators. These generators calculate the coordinates of the airfoil shape. However, it does not take into consideration of the l oad that the airfoil will be taking, meaning the surface area of the wings are not taking into consideration. There is also not much program which enables the user to calculate the whole wing surface area and the lift generated by the wing with different airfoil design. 1. x Thin Airfoil Theory: For this project, the Thin Airfoil Theory will be use to compute the model airplane’s airfoil thickness and wing dimension as the thickness for the model airplane’s wing is not very thick. Thin airfoil theory was devised by German mathematician Max Munk and further refined by British aerodynamicist Hermann Glauert and others in 1920s. It is a simple theory of airfoils that relates the angle of attack to lift. The theory idealizes the flow around an airfoil as a 2 dimensional flow around a thin airfoil.At low angles of incidence, the boundary layer growth on an airfoil is thin and remains attached to the airfoil. Therefore the airflow is assumed to be inviscid and irrotational. Since the thickness of any lifting airfoil is less than a fifth of its chord length, the effect of the airfoil’s thickness can be neglected and the airfoil will be represented by its mean camber line. A mathematically conceived function in the form of a vortex sheet is then placed along the length of the camber line to simulate the airfoil. This essentially makes it a streamline of the flow.By applying the circulation theory of lift to this streamline, the aerodynamic properties of the airfoils are obtained. The airfoil is considered as having zero thickness and infinite wingspan. This the reason why the theory does not take into consideration the induced drag that arises from the wing tips of an airfoil. Therefore it is only good for approximating an airfoil with medium and large aspect ratio and only up to the stall angle which is usually 10 to 15 degree for typical airplane configuration. Any angle beyond 15 degree, the thin airfoil theory cannot be used to calculate the c oefficient of lift.Thin airfoil theory is important as it provided a theoretical basis for the important properties of the airfoils in 2 dimensional flows: * The centre of pressure lies exactly ? of the chord behind the leading edge on a symmetric airfoil. * The aerodynamic centre lies exactly ? of the chord behind the leading edge for cambered airfoil. * The slope of the lift coefficient versus angle of attack line is 2? units per radian. There are many formulae that states the derivation of the thon airfoil theory, but we don’t require those for our project and so its neglected. xi Flat Plate Airfoil Theory:Flat plate theory is applied to airfoils as the thickness is also the constituent of drag in the airfoil. The flat plate when it is subjected to airflow the drag minimum as compared to the other shapes with reasonable thickness. Thickness cannot be neglected as it also plays a vital role in the camber surface as it produces lift. The transition point can be pushed back a s we reduce the drag in an airfoil by which we can get a good lift curve for higher degrees. In case of boundary layer, the drag in a flat plate will be laminar for a certain period of time and it then become turbulent.There is no unique valve where the stream gets turbulent, but by keeping the laminar surface clean and free stream, one can delay the renolds number. Figure 2. 10: Velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent boundary layer EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS Introduction: These experiments below are done using xflr5 program. NACA 4 digit series airfoils are been used in the analysis. In the final analysis, NACA airfoils ranging from 0 to 9% of camber magnitude, 10 to 70% of camber location and 3% to 30% of thickness airfoils are analysed to get an airfoil of better performance with high to lift to drag ratio.Exercise A: Effect of Angle of Attack Airfoil = NACA 0012 Re number = 1000000 M = 0. 00 Part 1: In this part, the pressure profiles for different angle of attack are to be discussed. AOA( Alpha ) : -4 to 16 degrees with a step of 4 degrees Figure 3. 1: Pressure profiles plot of NACA 0012 Angle of attack(alpha)| Cl| Cd| -4| -0. 429| 0. 007| 0| -0. 00| 0. 005| 4| 0. 429| 0. 007| 8| 0. 910| 0. 012| 12| 1. 242| 0. 020| 16| 1. 301| 0. 050| Part 2: In this part we discuss about the lift, drag and their coefficients. Angle of Attack (alpha) = -4 to 18 degrees with a step of 0. degrees Figure 3. 2: Drag coefficient and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 3: Lift coefficient and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 4: Glide ratio and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 5: Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient plot Analysis: Part 1: In this part, the angle of attack is changed from -4 degrees to 16 degrees with fixed Reynolds number and Mach number. The pressure profiles seem to have gradual increase in both negative and positive values on Cp. As the angle of attack increases, the lift and drag increases to a certain limit and stalls.Maximum lift is at 14 degrees and thus stall occurs. Cl max is 1. 36. It is consistent as Bernoulli’s approach on analysis. Part 2: In this part, the angle of attack is varied from -4 degrees to 18 degrees. Re and M is same as above. The lift curve passes through the origin, so zero lift is at origin (0 degrees). Max Cl is at 1. 36 where the stall angle is at 4 degrees. The maximum glide ratio is 75. 86 and at this point the values of Cl is 0. 8685, value of Cd is 0. 0115 and the value of alpha is 7. 5 degrees. Exercise B: Effect of Reynolds number Airfoil = NACA 0012 Alpha (AOA) = 4 degrees M = 0. 00Part 1: In this part, we discuss about the effects due to change in Reynolds number in NACA 0012 airfoil. Re number = 100000 to 2. 1 million with an increment of 400000 Figure 3. 6: Pressure profiles plot Part 2: In this part, we discuss about the effects due to change in Reynolds number and Angle of attack in NACA 0012 airfoil. Re number = 100000, 500000, 900000, 2100000, 4000000. AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees. Figure 3. 7: Glide ratio and alpha plot Figure 3. 8: Drag coefficient and alpha plot Figure 3. 9: Lift coefficient and alpha plot Figure 3. 10: Lift and Drag polarRe number| Max Cl| Stall angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| 100000| 0. 97| 10. 5| 36. 5| 0. 61| 0. 017| 5 degrees| 500000| 1. 21| 13. 5| 61. 9| 0. 72| 0. 012| 6 degrees| 900000| 1. 35| 14. 5| 73. 6| 0. 86| 0. 011| 7. 5 degrees| 2100000| 1. 57| 17| 92. 5| 0. 97| 0. 0105| 8. 5 degrees| 4000000| 1. 67| 18. 5| 107. 3| 1. 073| 0. 010| 9. 5 degrees| Analysis: Part 1: In this case there is an increase in the pressure values as increase in Re number and the transition is point is pushed backwards in the curve with Reynolds number 4000000 than the curves with Reynolds number less than that.Part 2: In this case, the transition point is brought backwards as there is an increase in the boundary layer. It just pushes the stall angle further towards the leading edge. For Re= 100000, drag is increased more at high angle of attack. For high Re number, lift coefficient is more than low Re number and the drag is minimised at high angle of attack in high Re number curves. Exercise C: Effect of Mach number Airfoil = NACA 0012 Re number = 2 million Part 1: In this part, we are discussing about the effects in forces due to change in Mach number. Alpha (AOA) = 4 degrees M = 0. 00, 0. 1, 0. 02, 0. 03 Figure 3. 11: Pressure plot of M=0. 00 Figure 3. 12: Pressure plot of M=0. 01 Figure 3. 13: Pressure plot of M=0. 2 Figure 3. 14: Pressure plot of M=0. 3 Part 2: In this part, we are going to see the difference in the curves for different Mach numbers mentioned in part 1 and also with Angle of attacks from -4 to 30 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees. Figure 3. 15: Lift coefficient and Alpha Figure 3. 16: Drag coefficient and Alpha Figure 3. 17: Glide ratio and Alpha Figure 3. 8: Lift and Drag polar M| Cl Max| Stall angle(degrees)| Cl/Cd Max| Cl at Cl/C d Max| Cd at Cl/Cd Max| Alpha at Cl/Cd Max| 0. 0| 1. 560| 17| 91. 5| 0. 975| 0. 0104| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 1| 1. 540| 16. 5| 91. 25| 0. 985| 0. 0105| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 2| 1. 475| 15. 5| 90. 3| 1. 00| 0. 0115| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 3| 1. 355| 73| 88. 4| 0. 97| 0. 0110| 8 degrees| Analysis: Part 1: In this analysis, there is a change in pressure (Cp). As the Mach number increases, the value of Cp increases in the negative values. Due to the increase in speed, the transition point in moved towards the leading edge and stall angle decreases.Part 2: In this part, the angle of attack is also changed with the Mach number. We can see the effect of lift and drag from the values in the table given above in part 2. At the highest AOA the Cl value is increased. As the Mach number increases, the value of Cl max and the stalling angle drops down as it tends to stall soon in high ach number. Exercise D: Effect of Thickness In this exercise, various airfoils of different thickness are used. The values are ta ken from the program and compared with each other. Re = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA(alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. Airfoils = NACA 0004, NACA 0008, NACA 0012, NACA 0016, NACA 0020 Figure 3. 19: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 20: Glide ratio and Alpha plotFigure 3. 21: Lift coefficients and Drag coefficient plot Figure 3. 22: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot NACA airfoils| Max Cl| Stalling angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| 0004| 0. 96| 20| 48. 1| 0. 325| 0. 007| 3 degrees| 0008| 1. 15| 11. 5| 79. 85| 0. 775| 0. 010| 7 degrees| 0012| 1. 563| 17| 91. 52| 0. 977| 0. 010| 8. 5 degrees| 0016| 1. 578| 18| 93. 10| 1. 228| 0. 013| 11 degrees| 0020| 1. 45| 18. 5| 92. 4| 1. 000| 0. 010| 9. 5 degrees| Analysis: Due to the thickness, there is a change in lift as it can be observed in figure 3. 13. As NACA 0004 is thin, it stalls soon. But NACA 0020 and NACA 0016 airfoils has high value of Cl and this attains at almost 18 degrees o f AOA. From this it can be said that, if thickness increases the lift increases, but its for certain limit as Cl max drops in NACA 0020. The curves given above for each airfoil cannot be believed till end. This is only applicable theoretically that if an airfoil begins to stall, it can regain its lift after some angle further.In practical application, it is false. The curves can be believed till the first major stall occurs which attains Cl max. Exercise E: Effect of camber, magnitude In this exercise, the airfoils of different camber are been discussed i. e. the first digit of the NACA 4 digit series is been changed and compared. Re number = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees Airfoils = NACA 0012, NACA 0312, NACA 1312, NACA 2312, NACA 3312 Figure 3. 23: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 23: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 24: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 5: Lift and Drag coefficients plot NACA Airfoils| Max Cl| S talling angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd atMax Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| Zero Lift| 0012| 1. 546| 17| 91. 5| 0. 955| 0. 0105| 8. 5degrees| 0 degree| 0312| 1. 546| 17| 91. 5| 0. 955| 0. 0105| 8. 5degrees| 0degree| 1312| 1. 610| 17| 98. 4| 0. 901| 0. 0094| 7 degrees| -1degree| 2312| 1. 664| 17| 122. 3| 0. 865| 0. 0071| 5. 5degrees| -2degree| 3312| 1. 712| 16. 5| 140. 5| 1. 008| 0. 0072| 6 degrees| -3degree| Analysis: As the magnitude of the camber is changed, the lift is attained way before than a normal airfoil with less camber surface.Symmetrical airfoil is that in which upper and lower surface are same and asymmetrical has various shapes in it. In these two types, the symmetrical airfoil produces less lift-drag ratio than asymmetrical airfoils. Due to the camber in the airfoil, in NACA 1312, NACA 2312 and NACA 3312 has started producing lift at negative angles as other two produces only after 0 degrees. Hence the lift is acquired soon and as angle increases, the drag produced is also less than in airfoils NACA 0012 and NACA 0312. Exercise F: Effect of camber, locationIn this exercise, we change the location of the camber and analyse their changes in curves. Re number = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 with a step of 0. 5 degrees Airfoils = NACA 0012, NACA 2112, NACA 2312, NACA 2512, NACA 2712 Figure 3. 26: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 27: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 28: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 29: Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient plot NACA Airfoils| Max Cl| Stall angle(degrees)| Max CL/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at MaxCL/Cd| Zero lift(degrees)| 0012| 1. 563| 17| 91. 5| 0. 55| 0. 0103| 8. 5degrees| 0| 2112| 1. 726| 17| 117. 0| 1. 145| 0. 0128| 12degrees| -1. 85| 2312| 1. 675| 17| 122. 3| 0. 865| 0. 0072| 5. 5degrees| -2. 02| 2512| 1. 694| 17| 111. 0| 0. 769| 0. 0068| 4. 5degrees| -2. 37| 2712| 1. 741| 17| 102. 5| 0. 962| 0. 0093| 6 degrees| -3. 056| Analysis: In this analysi s, the location of the camber is changed in each airfoil and hence so, we can find the change in Cl max and glide ratio which are key factors here. Fluctuation in the glide ratio can be seen, as it increases in NACA 2312 and decreases when going further increase in camber location.There are minor deflections in the stalling angle as that cannot be accurately calculated. Thus changing the camber location increases lift to some extend as further increase in camber value may cause drag. Exercise G: Finding the best values of a NACA airfoils In this section of analysis, we are using the airfoils of wide range with about 0-9%c camber magnitude, with 10-70%c of camber location and with 3-30% thickness range. We are yet to find the best airfoil with Cl max, largest stalling angle and Cl/Cd(Glide ratio). Re = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA(alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. degrees. Graphs: Figure 3. 30: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 31: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 32 : Glide ratio and Alpha(Re= 200000) Analysis: From the graph 3. 30, we can figure out the maximum Cl value is given by NACA 9318 of about 2. 3. And maximum Cl value when alpha(AOA) is 0 is given by NACA 9718 as per the figure. And hence the airfoil with largest stalling angle also can be seen, as it is NACA 9718. This airfoil though it has less Cl max, it stalls late compared to other airfoils. Its stall angle is going more than 20 degrees.