Nursing Study Guide Block 4 Final

Study Guide for the Final Exam Here are the rules: please do not call me or email me questions about the study guide. I will answer questions about the study guide during the brief review before the exam itself. You cannot memorize the answers to the questions and do well on the exam- the questions are meant to stimulate thinking, not to be answers. Please remember to review the chapters on shock and MODS as there are questions on this content. 1.There are several ABG questions; remember these also include oxygen numbers so be prepared to determine oxygenation in addition to acid base PH: 7. 35- 7. 45 PCO2: 35-45 HCO3: 22-26 O2: 94-100 2. Review the care of the patient with pneumonia, including applicable nursing diagnoses and measureable outcomes Restrictive respiratory disorder: decreased lung expansion- low PaO2, decreased lung compliance, normal to low P/Q ration, shunt, respiratory alkalosis (blowing off co2, more bicarbonate) increased RR, TV smaller.SOB/cough, dyspnea=how many words can they say in one breath chest pain, fatigue, wt. loss, lung crackles, care: HOB 30deg, fluids to clear secretions, tidal volume–normal breathing 500mL Nursing dx: impaired gas exchange, ineffective breathing pattern, acute pain Outcomes: maintains adequate alveolar oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, clears lungs of fluids and exudates. Demonstrates effective RR, rhythm, and depth of respirations. Reports control of pain following relief measures. . Review the treatment for TB (look in Lewis), including medications, length of treatment, evaluation of treatment plan, who is most likely to get TB infection, and side effects of the medications Medications: aggressive TB treatment: four drugs for 6 months, (INH, rifampin [Rifadin], pyrazinamide [PZA], and ethambutol) Newer: rifamycins, rifubin, rifapentine, first line for special situations Length of treatment: 6 months- 1 YearEvaluation of treatment plan: resolution of the disease, normal pulmonary function, absence of any complication, no transmission of TB, Most likely to contract: Asians have the highest TB rate, followed by Hawaiians and pacific islanders. African Americans are the highest rate inside the US. (45%) Higher rates of TB infections with patients with HIV infections Side effects of meds: alcohol increases hepatotoxicity of INH, monitor liver function.PZA may not be included in initial phase (due to liver disease or pregnancy) 4. Review the care of a patient with lung surgery, including chest tube management To keep lung inflated & Drain fluid from interpleural space How do you know if collapsed lung: Blood gases, Chest X-ray, Vital signs, Color Air leaks – bubbling in water chamber: check your tubes for air leak & make sure they’re always free of kinks. Don’t milk the chest tube (unless ordered).Continued bubbling = pneumothorax not resolved yet, Constant vigorous bubbling = air leak in system Should see tidaling if not attached to suction >100cc/hr. of drainage = call doc Determine if working correctly by: Monitor output, pain, breath sounds, assess patient breathing, auscultate, ABG, pulse ox (SPO2), skin/mucous membrane coloring, and respiratory effort Chest tube pain is common- give pain meds >7/10 5.Review heart failure: right-sided (acute and chronic), left- sided (acute and chronic), pulmonary edema, cardiomyopathy and management of the patients; remember to review the hemodynamic changes (and values) associated with right and left sided failure RIGHT SIDED HF: (FLUID RETENTION): Corpulmonale, systemic edema, neck vein distention, weight gain, fluid retention, Risk: COPD, hypoxia (pulmonary HTN), causes pulmonary vasoconstriction.CVP = increased; PVR = increased; SVR = increased; wedge = increased; contractility = decreased medication: nitroglycerine to decrease venous return, fix preload LEFT SIDED HF: (RESPIRATORY) DYSPNEA ON EXERTION, back up in lungs, pink frothy sputum, decreased O2 stat, increase RR. CVP = increased; PVR = incre ased; SVR = increased; wedge = increased; contractility = decreased HEART FAILURE: Usually starts out with one ventricle.Nitroglycerine, aspirin, O2, pericardial thump, Lasix, ACE, + inotrope, Class 4, transplant, symptomatic. ACUTE HF: Dig, Lasix, ACE, ARBS, Betas, Calcium Channel, Nitro, and Aspirin, compensatory mechanism is ok. CHRONIC HF: both ventricles can fail (left to right), Dig, Lasix, ACE, BETA, ARBS (if cough), calcium channel blocker, Primacore, compensatory mechanism makes it worse. 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF HF: 1. Systolic: problems pushing volume out problem with too much afterload: HTN. TX: decrease SVR with dig, Lasix (diuretics), ACE. 2.Diastolic: problem with filling and getting blood in (Hypertrophic cardio) less room for blood TX: Beta blockers to reduce contraction or calcium channel then ACE. If you give them DIG it will kill them (will increase heart working too hard). PULMONARY EDEMA: hallmark: pink frothy sputum, Left- sided heart failure. Decreased albumin, d ecreased oncotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure. Dilated: Left vent is dilated (stretched out of shape) decreasing the ejection fraction. Vent is overstretched from CHF or chronic hypertension.Diagnose with chest X-ray: heart is BIG. TX: Dig, Lasix, Ace. Arrhythmias will increase mortality rate HYPERTROPHIC: L vent hypertrophy decreases the ability of the chamber to relax, decrease contractility (athlete, hereditary. ) TX: BB, CCB Constricted/restricted: normal size heart with decreased cardiac muscle compliance. Scarred= fibrosis, radiation, infection (rheumatic fever) control of volume overload is AGGRESSIVE: Ace, Diuretic, Dobutamine, Nitroglycerin/Nitropresside, exercise restriction . Review patho and management of COPD, especially related to acute respiratory failure. COPD: obstructive, exhalation problem, air flows in but then becomes trapped, teach pursed lipped breathing to improve FRC. Clinical manifestations: increased lung expansion, normal to increased TLC, dec reased forces expiratory volume, increased functional residual capacity, decreased vital capacity, increased CO2, O2 sat-80-100, PaO2- 60 Best mask to use is vent mask, most precise O2 is delivered.Barrel chest- chronic hyperinflation of torso Corpulmonale, > expiratory time, wheezing or rhonchi, A fib from chronic overuse of right ventricle TX: beta agonist/beta stimulant=dilates airway (epinephrine, albuterol) Anticholinergic bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mucolytic=thin out secretions, Mucinex or SVN mucomist, pulmonary vasodilators not common, prostaglandin E2, supposed to dilate pulmonary vessels but BP can plummet too.Nitrous oxide can temporarily improve pulmonary HTN but doesn’t improve outcomes Respiratory Failure: ALOC- confusion, restless. Nasal flaring, increased HR, increased BP, increased RR, increased depth, PVCs, Pulmonary Embolism=blue very fast, otherwise cyanosis is a late sign 7. Review management of patients on ventilators, including process of weaning and recognition of weaning failure AC – assist control: doing all the breathing for the patient. It’s providing Tidal volume and oxygen.For your unstable patient NO pressure support needed SIMV – synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation: For weaning: Makes it easier for patient to take their own spontaneous breath. Tidal volume off and O2 on. Pressure support adjunct PEEP – positive end expiratory pressure, Keeps alveoli open by use of positive pressure. Increases FRC – air left in after exhalation. ARDS patient. Little bit of positive pressure at the end of exhalation. Use with SIMV or AC. Keep between 5-10, and not over

Just Lather, That’s All Essay

In the story, â€Å"Just Lather, That’s All† by Hernando Tellez, the barber would have been a coward had he killed Captain Torres because, when he killed the captain he was unarmed. Secondly, he would have to flee leaving all he had behind. Lastly, he would have been vulnerable. The barber was weak and afraid of killing captain Torres and to be called as the murderer of the captain. The barber would have been a coward because; he killed the captain when he was unarmed. As soon as the captain entered, â€Å"he took off his bullet – studded belt that his gun holster dangled from. He hung it up on a wall hook and placed his military cap over it† (48). The barber knew that the captain was unarmed and as per his thoughts, this was the best time to kill the captain and as he was unarmed, he would not be able to attack the barber. He was a coward as he thought of killing captain Torres when he was unarmed. Secondly, the barber would have been a coward because he would have to flee leaving all he had behind. He was well aware that he would have to run and thus he made a statement, â€Å"I would have to flee, leaving all I had behind, and take a refuge far away† (51). He would have to run, saving himself from Torres’ people. As he would have killed the captain cowardly, he had to hide his face from the society. He would have to find places to hide himself from Torres’ people. He might also have to lose his job. Furthermore, the barber would have been a coward because, he was vulnerable. He was weak and afraid of killing captain Torres, especially with his eyes open. Thus, when the captains’ eyes were closed, he whispered, â€Å"I could cut his throat just so – Zip, Zip! I would not give him time to resist and since his eyes were closed he would not see the glistening blade and my glistening eyes† (50). The barber would have thought that as the captains’ eyes were closed he might not come to know about his thoughts. The barber would even not give him the chance to perform any such actions which would create problems for him. Thus all such thoughts of the barber, about killing the captain secretly would prove him to be a coward. Henceforth, the barber would have been a coward had he killed Captain Torres because he took the opportunity to kill the captain when the captain was unarmed so that he could not attack him (barber). He would have been a coward as he would have to flee leaving all he had behind and find places to hide himself. Lastly, he would have been a coward as he was vulnerable and afraid of killing Captain Torres.

Elderly need care, not neglect and indifference Essay

PHYSICALLY, the elderly are not longer as able and agile as the young. To most old people, walking can be an ordeal – and crossing the road is even more difficult without help. While it is already hard for most of the aged to get to the other side of a busy road that has no pedestrian crossing, what is even sadder is that motorists seldom stop for them. Old people whose sense of judgement is impaired through ageing, are frequently run over on the road. They can no longer handle heavy traffic, and left to their own devices, are likely come to grief. As one observer notes, it seems modern society is built by the young for the young – a dynamic creation that does not give much consideration to the old, sick, handicapped or disabled. The infirm and frail elderly are usually tolerated as a liability or nuisance, and with self-esteem ripped away from them, they suffer in silence as they go through what is left of their twilight years. This busy world is certainly not looking too kindly on old folks. Crossing the road is just one problem the elderly encounter, another is getting onto a bus. The old timer is usually the last to get on. And even if he manages, he very likely will have to stand. Rarely does anyone care give up his or her seat for an old man or woman. In the old days, the family unit was strong. Today, it is breaking up as young men and women travel widely in search of greener pastures. Normally, what this entails is neglect – with the elderly being left to fend for themselves, most times under very difficult circumstances. The more fortunate ageing parents may have a child or two staying with them while the less lucky ones may have to live out their lives in an old folks’Â  home – or in their empty house after all the children have flown the roost and may only return to visit once in a blue moon. Such a situation poses a very real problem for society and it is what the old dread most – being unwanted and uncared for while on borrowed time. There are other problems old folks face but none can be as painfully heart-breaking as the indifference and neglect shown them by their own flesh and blood. Most senior citizens end up in welfare homes because they are abandoned by their families – frequently at public hospitals which, in turn, have little choice but to turn them over to shelters run by the government or NGOs. In most cases, family members refuse to take their elderly parents back. Invariably, these public hospitals have to hand the abandoned old folks to NGOs. Even so, shelters, run by benevolent societies, are mostly full these days. According to the Social Welfare Department, between 2008 and 2011, the number of old folks, abandoned by their families, has steadily gone up one per cent each year. Welfare homes caring for the 60 and above, admitted 340 senior citizens last year compared to 248 in 2010. Stats from the National Population and Family Development Board, an agency under the Women, Family and Community Development Ministry, showed that as at 2004 when the Fourth Malaysian Population and Family Survey was undertaken, over half a million elderly parents were not given financial support by their children. It is, of course, unfair and incorrect to say all young people desert their parents in their old age. What is obviously a disturbing trend though is that a lot of sons and daughters are leaving their ageing parents to die at old folks’ homes. Why? In trying to look for an answer, sociologists argue it is important for society to understand the needs of young people with changing times. These experts explain that young couples nowadays need to work to support themselves and their own growing families. As such, most not only send their old parents to welfare homes but their own children to nurseries or playschools as well just to keep up with the rat race. While it’s reasonable for young families to want their own space and privacy, there are some who simply do not want to look after the elderly due to what is generally referred to as the generation gap manifesting itself in the lack of understanding and tolerance for the changes in their parents’ behaviour which could be caused by insecurity and mental illnesses. Whatever the reasons that may have caused the young to shirk their responsibility of caring for their elderly parents, they, nonetheless, still have the moral responsibility to support and cherish them. After all, the young will themselves become parents and grow old one day – and quite naturally, also expect their own brood to look after them in the final phase of life. Needless to say, it’s important to inculcate filial piety in children at a young age. Wholesome family values such as caring for the elderly spontaneously out of love should be continuously fostered to create a truly caring Malaysian society.

On Consumer Surplus and Pricing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On Consumer Surplus and Pricing Strategy - Essay Example For each commodity marketed, customers assign a certain amount that they are willing to pay. Some business organizations are able to price according to the customers’ perceived value of their offering. However, some may be priced less than what the customers would want to pay for them, thereby robbing the companies of profit potential. Consumer surplus is defined as "the amount that customers benefit by being able to purchase a product for a price that they would be willing to pay" (Economic Surplus 2007). When company prices are less than the amount that buyers are willing to pay for the product, customers will enjoy the consumer surplus in purchasing the product. Thus, companies should be adept in their pricing strategy. They should be able to determine individual consumer surplus and fully expropriate it for their advantage. Identifying the exact value attributed by buyers to a product is a great challenge for a business organization. As individuals are unique, they often h ave different perceptions of the monetary value of an offering. Some price-sensitive customers may find a product too expensive but some may even find it a bargain. One of the things that the company can do is to conduct a survey before releasing the product in order to get an average price that the target market is likely willing to pay. The company can also experiment by raising and lowering the price in the market and monitor the customers' response through product sales and demand. However, all these can be very tedious and can erode the identity and image of the product in the market. It can even bring confusion to the customers.

Analyzing Annual Reports of Two Canadian Banks to Determine Career and Essay

Analyzing Annual Reports of Two Canadian Banks to Determine Career and Investment Opportunities - Essay Example Basically, the companies are managed by directors on behalf of the shareholders and therefore have to be accountable to them. The annual report is a tool of communication by the directors and senior management to their shareholders explaining their business strategy of the previous year and explains their performance and also provides their vision for the company for the long term. It gives the shareholders the basis to critique and evaluate the effectiveness of their directors and also give input on what they expect from them. The annual report would also help to promote the agenda of the stakeholders internal, connected or external in a manner that would result in a win - win scenario. The two banks were selected randomly because they are among the largest financial institutions in Canada and have a long history of above average performance. They are therefore expected to have proper business models and offer an excellent career opportunity. Objectives In this analysis of the annual reports of TD and CIBC the writer is attempting to compare the two banks as investments and career opportunities. To begin with when an evaluation of the suitability of a bank as an investment opportunity there basic criteria include the profitability growth, level of liquidity and the capital structure of the company. The valuation of the company’s share and the performance in the stock market is also an indicator of the confidence the market has on the company. If a company has good profit history, a stable dividend growth policy and well managed working capital to ensure there are no liquidity problems would be the most attractive as an investment.

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing plan - Essay Example Akin to olive oil in terms of function, tea seed oil is very effective for hair care. Not only does it strengthen hair and protect it from damage, it also provides moisture to the hair. Shiseido now intends to sell Tsubaki in Australia as it sees tremendous potential for that product in that market. Competitive Landscape in Australia Procter & Gamble Australia Pty Ltd, Unilever Australia Ltd, L'Oreal Australia Pty Ltd, Hans Schwarzkopf & Henkel GmbH & Co KG, Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd and Alberto-Culver Pty Ltd. In addition to these there are many other, domestic as well as international players, vying for a chunk of the shampoo market in the country. Demographic Environment The total population of Australia stood at 22 million in 2010. The gender-wise break-up of the Australian population is depicted in table below: Population (Gender Wise)    2010 2020    in '000 % in '000 % Male 10998 49.76 12591 49.86 Female 11102 50.24 12663 50.14 Total 22100 100 25254 100 Source: Euromonitor International The table shows that the male female population is almost equal and is likely to remain so by 2020. The ethnic composition of the country includes 92 percent Whites, 7 percent Asians and 1 percent Aboriginal and others (Euromonitor 2011). Thus females of Asian origin residing in Australia are approx .7 million. The Tsubaki shampoo would be targeted at this section of the society. It is imperative that the age-wise break up of the female population is considered while developing/modifying the product for the Australian market.    Female Population Age-Wise ('000) Age 2009 2010 2015 (E) 2020 (E) % Growth 0-14 2033 2052 2173 2326 13.3 15-64 7327 7415 7763 8095 9.2 65+ 1591 1635 1925 2242 37.1 Total 10951 11102 11861 12663 15.6 Source: Euromonitor International The above table clearly demonstrates that a drastic shift in Australia‘s demographic profile is imminent as a considerable chunk of the population is set to grow old in the coming future. This growth in the number of older consumers is likely to propel the demand for products that make people feel and look younger (Data Monitor 2011). The life expectancy in the country is 81.81 years for the total population. While it is 79.40 years for men, the life expectancy for the average Australian woman is 84.35 years. Economic Environment The Australian economy has registered a steady growth in the GDP in the last few years. The economy is estimated to grow by 3.7 percent this year. The inflation rate has also been below the 3 percent mark since 2010. The unemployment rate which has been steady at a shade above 5 percent is the brightest spot. Compare this to the unemployment rates in other developed countries where the joblessness has reached double digits. Key Economic Indicators    2009 2010 2011 2012 (E) GDP Growth (%) 1.3 3 3.5 3.7 Inflation 1.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 Unemployment Rate 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 Source: Data Monitor 2011 Australia is primarily a middle-class society. Close to 5 million, or 6 1 percent of the households in the country had an annual disposable income of more than US $45,000 in 2009. During the same time period, 36 percent of the Australian households had an annual disposable income of more than US $75,000. At the same time, more than 95 percent of the country is above the poverty line (Data Monitor 2011). The table below depicts that the average annual gross income has steadily risen across income brackets. The growth is considerably higher than

Candidate Brief Assessment Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Candidate Brief Assessment Exercise - Essay Example Also here a great role Browns Plc plays, which gives an opportunity to realize production in the US market. Concerning technology drivers the most well provided is definitely Pillchem Plc. Its IT Strategy and network shows the most advantageous correlation of price and quality that results in debagged wok of all the technologies, which leads to the reduction in the time to implement any new application or system. Also its company-wide integrated Internet and email service allow the exploitation of the Internet for selling, PR and internal/ external communication. But there are several factors, which should be taken from other companies: piecemeal strategy as in Zoros Plc is rather good to seamlessly integrating with suppliers and customers; and holding the copyright to a particular drug manufacturing process as in Browns Ltd can lead to opening up new global markets and selling through new channels. If Pillchem Plc's acquisition starts with Zoros Plc and Browns Plc the newly broadened great Company will have all the needed factors to prosper and expand taking the leading role in the World Pharmaceutical Market.

Judith Butlers Imitation and Gender Insubordination Essay

Judith Butlers Imitation and Gender Insubordination - Essay Example The society identifies only heterosexuality and is organized to support this heteronormative way of thinking. ( Thesis) Homosexuality has been a taboo in all cultures as heterosexuality is the only sexual identity accepted by the society. The society has a sex hierarchy concept and has been continuing it since ancient times. Homosexuality was never accepted as normal by societies around the world. The homosexuality even though practiced in secret was a matter of despite and sin. As per (Butler 120)â€Å"Here, as in Gender Trouble, Butler rejects the notion that a volitional subject precedes its acts of parodic repetition, and she continues to insist that gender performativity is constitutive of the subject-effect it is said to express†. The society was built around the idea of a family and homosexuals being unproductive were never considered as a sexual identity. The union of male and female was the ideal sexual image of society. People could never think about homosexual couples or a person with same sex orientation. Heteronormative thinking is a belief that heterosexuality is the norm. Accord ing to this thinking people who are not heterosexual do not fit into the society. The society is conditioned and organized along these years to accept heterosexuality as a norm. The society does not encourage their children to show behaviors of homosexuality. As per ( Butler 121) â€Å" Indeed, a foucaultian perspective might argue that the affirmation of "homosexuality" is itself an extension of a homophobic discourse†. They think it as a physiological or psychological problem. The parents or relatives do not accept a child or a person who is not heterosexual. One way their thinking is organized is because they bully or insults a person who has such behavior. The society handles the person with sarcasm and humor. They think a homosexual person is incapable of having a personality. The society thinks they are neither man nor

Impact of Globalisation on the Nature of Work in Developing Countries Essay

Impact of Globalisation on the Nature of Work in Developing Countries - Essay Example negatively much more than the male counterparts in the same countries because they are less likely to be able to take up the skilled employment opportunities. Widening Income Gaps There are other disadvantages which come with globalisation. As globalisation creates employment for the skilled people and takes away the same from those who are not professionally trained, this will continue to widen the income gap and these developing countries will end up without a middle class. A country without a middle class is usually at risk of economic and political instabilities, and this is why the issue of globalisation persists.6 Globalisation will continue to expand the gap between the poor and the rich as the few people in the developed countries who have been rich enough to get an education continue to take the top jobs, either locally or even internationally, and be richer, and the majority who do not have an education continue to be jobless and without income.7 Those poor people will not be capable of educating their children, and the trend will continue. On the other hand, the few who are at the top of the socioeconomic ladder will be able to instruct their children, and this means that the few rich will continue to get richer while the majority poor will continue to be poorer. India’s labour market was one of the first to hugely benefit from globalisation as it was the preferred destination for business process outsourcing. As a result of many western camping in Indian cities looking for educated jobless individuals to do their call centre work, many young and educated men benefited and started earning salaries they could not have dreamt of, especially for a call agent. The problem with this was that not everybody in India is educated and when these opportunities came,... This report stresses that â€Å"education differences have played a big role in turning globalisation opportunities into curse for developing countries†. This is a big issue in developing countries because in these countries, few people are educated and thus cannot take advantage of these opportunities brought about by globalisation. Developing countries also have women who are generally much less educated than their male counterparts. This is unlike in the developed world where the gap between the educated males and females is closing up. This means that women in developing countries will be affected negatively much more than the male counterparts in the same countries because they are less likely to be able to take up the skilled employment opportunities. Globalisation has also helped in boosting the local employment numbers in developing countries through supporting local businesses. This paper makes a conclusion that globalisation has both positive and negative impacts. With regard to the labour market, globalisation has brought both favourable and adverse impacts. However, the negative impacts seem to be outweighing the positive ones and, if not put in check, these negative impacts may end up having a serious implication for the global economy rather than only for the developing world. As a result, it is necessary that the issue of globalisation be looked at seriously and any future problems be solved in order to avoid a negative effect on the global economy.

How the employees treat the customers on Customer Care department at Essay

How the employees treat the customers on Customer Care department at the Airport ( Customer Service ) - Essay Example The customer care department is single point resolution centre for the passengers who pass through their terminals. The customer care departments add value to the experience enjoyed by the customers while passing through the airport terminals. The valued experience provided to the customers brings them back to the same airports that have created relative preference during the journeys. All information related to the service for the customers and passengers at the airport is provided by the customer care department. Enquiries about lost baggage, availability of flights, update on flight timings, information on the basis utilities available at the airport, communication facilities from the airport and information on any other item related to the journey is provided by the customer care department. During the time of transit, the customer care department provides the right direction of the journey. In cases of discontent of the customers due to irrational behavior of any airport staff, the customer care department helps to resolve the issue. The functions of the customer care department at the airport are extremely important as they help in maintaining the smooth flow of journey by the passengers. This customer care department plays a vital role in ensuring that the passengers passing through the terminal enjoy a highly valued experience. At the same time, the customer care department at the airport plays a vital role in maintaining a peaceful and dedicated work environment which is beneficial to both the airport authority and their customers. The ways in which the employees of the customer care departments at the airport treat their customers as a customer service staff determine the value of experience provided to the customers that pass through their terminals. In order to treat the customers at the airport with an aim of delighting them, the employees should undergo training on customer service. Several research studies on customer care

Organization Development Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization Development Survey - Essay Example The advantages of survey questionnaires are discussed below:Standardized Way:The data collection goes in a standardized way, so the questionnaires are highly preferred as compared to any other data collection method.The questions in questionnaires are more specific and while they are prepared, the objective of conducting the survey is being kept in mind, so the questions help in achieving the objective.Relatively Fast Method of Collection of Data:This is the relatively fast method to collect the data in survey; however, it may take long to prepare and analyze. It needs a lot of time and effort to prepare questionnaires, to analyze the questionnaires, to make the specific questions so that the object is achieved, but then, at the end, it requires minimum time to conduct it. In comparison with other methods, data collection in survey questionnaires is relatively fast.High Rate of Returns:The return rates of questionnaires survey are high. Questionnaires are easy to answer. It takes a m inimum of five minutes to fill the whole questionnaire. For this reason, people usually do not argue in filling questionnaires. Other methods such as interviews take a lot of time of the respondents, so people usually argue on it. Survey questionnaires can easily be distributed to a large number of audiences. It enables to gather many different points.The questionnaires cover almost every part of research unlike interviews. Questionnaires are designed in a way so that every aspect is covered.... Other methods such as interviews take a lot of time of the respondents, so people usually argue on it. Survey questionnaires can easily be distributed to a large number of audiences. It enables to gather many different point of views (Zikmund and Babin, 2009, p. 7). Covers every Aspect: The questionnaires cover almost every part of research unlike interviews. Questionnaires are designed in a way so that every aspect is covered. It consists of accurate questions of which it requires accurate answers. It can have many questions to cover every aspect of the respective topic. Leads in the Formation of Theories: Many of the positivists â€Å"believe that quantitative data can be used to create new theories and / or test existing hypotheses† (Koneru, 2008, pp. 218–220). The questionnaires enable to gather quantitative data. It allows the respondent to give direct answers, i.e. yes or no, which makes the data accurate. These accurate data lead to the formation of theories or e xisting hypothesis. Cost Effective One of the main benefits of survey questionnaire is that it does not require a high rate of investment. The cost involved in distributing the questionnaires is negligible as compared with the other methods of data collection (Koneru, 2008, p. 221). Disadvantages Truthfulness: It is hard to find out truthfulness of respondents in a questionnaire survey. Usually respondents fill the questionnaires randomly, so honest opinions and accurate information are not gathered. This is a big drawback of questionnaires because this can adversely affect the result of the survey and in this way, improper predictions will be made. Misinterpretation: There is a possibility that the respondent may interpret the questions in a different way. This difference in the interpretation

Qualities of a good leader Essay Example for Free

Qualities of a good leader Essay Whenever and wherever human beings are gathered together in large numbers, they need leadership. Even children need their school prefects and schools captains ! Armies need Generals. Civilians need governments, captains of industry and intellectual leaders of thought as well. Men whether of the East or the West, require to be led and each group throws up its own leaders in each succeeding generation. Whether in the school-room, or on the battlefield or in governmental deliberations, people who are natural leaders and who are chosen to lead, always have the same qualities of character and of outlook. In the first place, it is the personal qualities that count for most, in other words, the personality. A leader, in any location, must be someone who can be looked up to and respected. His personal judgment must be trusted and he must be able to evoke love and warmth from those he leads. So the, the first quality of a leader is that he must have the ability to win over mens hearts. Secondly, he must have intellectual control over his followers and a mind that is capable of assimilating what is true and what is right and then of exerting this over others. It is useless, no matter what personal qualities or what intellectual prowess a man may have, if he lacks the initiative and the will to lead and to rally men around him. He must also, in his search for truth, have great powers of concentration. Again, a leader must possess this mysterious thing we call character or strength of will, clarity of mind, tenacity and determination. In other words character is knowing what you want to do and being ruthlessly determined to do it. Men and women will not follow a gloomy person! Therefore a kind sense of humor and a sense of optimism are two other essential qualities of a good leader. He must also, not only be a good judge of thins and of events, but of people too, so that he can select good subordinates. He must also show and practice such virtues as self-control, temperance and moderation, so that not only his body, but also his mind are always at their best, healthy  and sharpened like finely tempered steel. There is, too the good leader and the bad leader, of which Hitler, is a striking example of bad leader because it is possible to have all the qualities of leadership without the most important one of all. This is a moral sense of right and wrong and the right kind of love which is emphasized in many of the worlds great religions. This is true not only of international figures like Adolf Hitler, but also in smaller figures. The gangs of youths, typical of both East and West, whose members are led to violence and lawlessness are invariably led and inspired by leaders without a moral sense of right and wrong. The final test of a good leader is, of course, the question: Do men follow him? The answer will be Yes if, combined with strength of character, the ability to evoke love, a clear brain and a fair minded outlook, he also has a knowledge and respect for truth, honesty and fair play. Such a man surely possesses the spark of leadership and men will look up to him and follow him.

The Need For Communication In Modern Business English Language Essay

The Need For Communication In Modern Business English Language Essay Answer: Communication is an important part of business. Opportunities are created because of maintaining good communication with your colleagues and clients. Nearly every transaction is impacted by communication, so the importance of this skill cant be overstated. Its essential for building and maintaining relationships with customers, and good communication is necessary for developing a trustworthy reputation. Communication is a valuable skill, and in many ways is an art form. If you possess strong linguistic skills, youll go far in effectively communicating in both your personal and professional lives. The role of communication in business is important for every role: Corporate Communications/Affairs Manager, Public Relations Specialist, Human Resources Communications Manager, Advertising, and Marketing and Promotions. 2: What is meant by rumour?What is grapevine? Are they the same? Answer: rumor: gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth Grapevine communication is a form of informal business communication, which develops within an organization. It means gossip, usually gossip that spreads and covers a lot of ground (a lot of people), much like vines do. 3: Explain upward communication. How does it take place in an organization? Answer : Information exchange between departments or functional units, as means of coordinating their activities. Communication between people at the same level in an organization, community or peer group, usually as a means of coordinating efforts. Its when the managers of the same level share ideas, suggestions and solutions to help bring the organization to a better level. The main objectives of horizontal communication are developing teamwork, and promoting group coordination within an organization. It takes place between professional peer groups or people working on the same level of hierarchy. Horizontal communication is less formal and structured than both downward communication and upward communication, and may be carried our through informal discussions, management gossip, telephone calls, teleconferencing, videoconferencing, memos, routine meetings and so on. 4: What are the semantic barriers in communication?Explain. Answer : Physical Barriers One of the major barriers of communication in a workplace is the physical barrier. Physical barriers in an organization includes large working areas that are physically separated from others. Other distractions that could cause a physical barrier in an organization are the environment, background noise Language Inability to converse in a language that is known by both the sender and receiver is the greatest barrier to effective communication. When a person uses inappropriate words while conversing or writing, it could lead to misunderstanding between the sender and a receiver. Emotions Your emotions could be a barrier to communication if you are engrossed in your emotions for some reason. In such cases, you tend to have trouble listening to others or understanding the message conveyed to you. A few of the emotional interferences include hostility, anger, resentfulness and fear. Lack of Subject Knowledge If a person who sends a message lacks subject knowledge then he may not be able to convey his message clearly. The receiver could misunderstand his message, and this could lead to a barrier to effective communication. Stress One of the major communication barriers faced by employees in most of the organization is stress. When a person is under immense stress, he may find it difficult to understand the message, leading to communication distortion. At the time of stress, our psychological frame of mind depends on our beliefs, experiences, goals and values. Thus, we fail to realize the essence of communication. 5: Is noise a barrier in the communication process? Answer: Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. 6: Explain the role of multi media in effective communication. Answer : I have long believed that a multimedia presentation is fundamentally no different from any other form of human communication; ideas and information are being transmitted between human beings, what has been called linear communication since the seminal work of Shannon and Weaver. Biocca stated this concept quite clearly: All computer-based interactivity is a form of interaction with other humans, even when none are present. The human essence of the programmers and designers remains resident in the logic of the artificial interaction, even though they are not there. Therefore, to be able to create effective multimedia, we need to consider what constitutes effective human communication, regardless of the medium. A review of the history of those forms of human communication that employ more than one medium can be beneficial for a multimedia developer People have been communicating with each other for hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of years. Whenever possible, the initiator of the communication has employed whatever additional methods were available to enhance the communication and make it as effective as possible. So, for example, modern storytellers, as perhaps ancient ones did, use their hands to illustrate the action and create sound effects to emphasize or portray more realistic scenes. As further examples, stage plays and their derivatives, such as opera and movies, normally include costumes and scenery to enhance and further the communication. 7: Communication in an organisation is multi-directional. Discuss the statement by explaining briefly channels of communication based on directions of communication. Answer : Communication is the passing on of ideas and information. In business we need good, clear communication. The contact may be between people, organisations or places and can be in a number of forms such as speech, writing, actions and gestures. Organisations need to be structured in such a way as to maximise the benefits of communication processes. This is why team structures are so useful because they open up a multi-flow channel of communications. Up until the 1980s many large firms in America and Western Europe were characterised by top-down communications systems. http://legacy.businesscasestudies.co.uk/theory_images/173/11200488981.jpg Communication flowed down the line i.e. instructions were passed down the line. Individuals at the bottom end of the system had little scope for decision making. However, modern communication systems stress the importance of empowerment, and multi-flow communications: There are a range of media for flows of communication in a modern organisation including: team briefings team discussions meetings informal talk e-mail discussion boards, etc. Large organisations like Corus and Travis Perkins recognise the importance of multi-channel communications and have therefore created team working structures. Teams are organised into multi-disciplinary groups in order to draw on a range of expertise. The teams are encouraged to make decisions rather than to wait for commands from above. Multi-channel communications Formal communications are those that involve the officially recognised communication channels within an organisation. Informal communication involves other forms of interactions between organisational members. Good communication is an important person to person skill in an organisation. Employees are most likely to be well motivated and to work hard for organisations where there are well organised multi-directional communication flows. Communication flows in a number of directions: Downward communication involves the passing of commands from higher levels in a hierarchy to lower levels. This is sometimes referred to as top-down communication. Upward communication involves the feedback of ideas from lower down in the organisation to higher levels. This sort of communication flow is important in the consultation of employees, and enables managers to draw on good ideas from those working at grassroots levels in an organisation. Sideways communication involves the exchange of ideas and information between those at the same level in an organisation e.g. between the various functions. Multi-channel communication involves a range of flows of information. Information and Communications technology and the resultant networking systems enable effective multi-channel communication. There are all sorts of ways of organising effective communications between members of an organisation: Team briefings enable team leaders and managers to communicate and consult with their staff. Team briefings may take place on a daily basis or less frequently. Formal meetings enable a more formalised approach to communication. Face-to-face communications enable a free and frank exchange of ideas. There are many other ways of communicating such as e-mail, electronic noticeboards, physical noticeboards, newsletters, phone, fax, videoconferencing etc. The type of communication channel used needs to be appropriate to the message being conveyed. For example, if an exchange of ideas is required some sort of face-to-face meeting will be most appropriate. The communication of information can be done by newsletter, or notice board. Team working encourages a range of different types of communication and can be to high levels of motivation. 8: Give a few examples where one can say that communication was done in an unethical mannner. Answer : 9: It is feedback that completes the proces of communication.. Elaborate this statement. Answer: Communication plays a very crucial role in an organization. In fact, communication is the reason for human existence. There are different forms of communication through which the intentions of people and animals and even plants alike can be passed across to another. Without communication, life will be very difficult and in fact, it will be full of chaos. Feedback makes communication meaningful. It is the end-result of an idea and makes communication continuous. In the process of communication, the originator first gets the idea to be passed across and then think of how to get it across via appropriate channel or medium. After the coding and dissemination, one expects the decoder after receiving the information or idea to give response. The response thus given is called the response which may be verbal or non-verbal, that is, in words or mere smile, glance, clap, etc. While feedback could be instantaneous as in the case of verbal conversation between two people standing or on telephone conversation or internet instant message, it could be delayed for sometime before the response is given to allow the receiver to think and take his time to consider what he is given. While the former is common to an informal communication, the latter goes with formal communication via letters, memo, etc. Feedback could also be in written form or in oral form or even both. It could be also in form of demonstration e.g. body movement, paralanguage, gesture, posture, etc. At one time or another, people are seen been frustrated as a result of the refusal of another person to give response to their message or letter. Some got so mad that delay in such could result to disciplinary measures or insubordination especially in a formal setting. To lovers, it means life itself. Refusal to communicate ones intentions may mal the whole relationship of a thing. All these explain the importance of feedback in communication. The following are some of the importance of feedback in communication either in a formal or informal setting: 1. It completes the whole process of communication and makes it continuous. 2. It sustains communication process 3. It makes one know if one is really communication or making sense 4. It is a basis for measuring the effectiveness of communication 5. It is a good basis for planning on what next to be done especially statistical report 6. Communication will be useless without feedback 7. Feedback paves way for new idea generation These points are few in number. The basis being established here is that feedback is the livewire of communication as communication is the livewire of human existence and interaction. 10: One has to be well educated to learn the nuances of communication. Do u agree or disagree? Suppourt your answers with logical and concrete examples. Answer : Think of how often you communicate with people during your day. You write emails, facilitate meetings, participate in conference calls, create reports, devise presentations, debate with your colleaguesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ the list goes on. We can spend almost our entire day communicating. So, how can we provide a huge boost to our productivity? We can make sure that we communicate in the clearest, most effective way possible. communication needs to be: Clear. Concise. Concrete. Correct. Coherent. Complete. Courteous. and well illustrate each element with both good examples. 1. Clear When writing or speaking to someone, be clear about your goal or message. What is your purpose in communicating with this person? If youre not sure, then your audience wont be sure either. To be clear, try to minimize the number of ideas in each sentence. Make sure that its easy for your reader to understand your meaning. People shouldnt have to read between the lines and make assumptions on their own to understand what youre trying to say 2. Concise When youre concise in your communication, you stick to the point and keep it brief. Your audience doesnt want to read six sentences when you could communicate your message in three. Are there any adjectives or filler words that you can delete? You can often eliminate words like for instance, you see, definitely, kind of, literally, basically, or I mean. Are there any unnecessary sentences? Have you repeated the point several times, in different ways? 3. Concrete When your message is concrete, then your audience has a clear picture of what youre telling them. There are details (but not too many!) and vivid facts, and theres laserlike focus. Your message is solid. 4. Correct When your communication is correct, it fits your audience. And correct communication is also error-free communication. Do the technical terms you use fit your audiences level of education or knowledge? Have you checked your writing for grammatical errors? Remember, spell checkers wont catch everything. Are all names and titles spelled correctly? 5. Coherent When your communication is coherent, its logical. All points are connected and relevant to the main topic, and the tone and flow of the text is consistent. 6. Complete In a complete message, the audience has everything they need to be informed and, if applicable, take action. Does your message include a call to action, so that your audience clearly knows what you want them to do? Have you included all relevant information à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ contact names, dates, times, locations, and so on? 7. Courteous Courteous communication is friendly, open, and honest. There are no hidden insults or passive-aggressive tones. You keep your readers viewpoint in mind, and youre empathetic to their needs. 11: Expain the organisational and personal barriers to communication. Answer : Ethics because it is not ethical to answer questions that a person is not supposed to hear, i.e., conflict of interest. Law is similar but this is through written communications. One should never put in an email or something written that could be used in court. All of that info should go via personal exchages Gender bias is obvious. Sometimes say a man wont reveal certain things to a woman and vice versa. And lastly, confidentialty. What is the saying; Valor is the better part of discretion? Dont say what you dont want someone else to hear.

The Meaning of Wine in Egyptian Tombs: Article Analysis

The Meaning of Wine in Egyptian Tombs: Article Analysis The find of Tutankhamun’s tomb is significant in its being one of a few intact royal tombs to have been discovered in Egypt thus far. Many of the artifacts in the tomb were spectacular, but the three amphorae found in Tutankhamun’s burial chamber raised many questions. Maria Rosa Guasch-Janà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s article looks at the amphorae found within the tomb, and attempts to answer some of the questions surrounding them. Using inscriptions found in the tomb as well as residue analysis, Guasch-Janà © is able to identify the wines and argue for their symbolic meaning in the context of not only Tutankhamun’s era, but wine in general throughout Egyptian history. This paper will provide a summary of the article â€Å"The meaning of wine in Egyptian tombs: the three amphorae from Tutankhamun’s burial chamber†, as well as identify the problem in trying to solve the claim. This paper will also identify the methods used to solve the claim as well as state how t his article might be useful to others with related research. According to the article, upon discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun 23 amphorae were found placed within the annexe chamber of the tomb. Within the burial chamber itself, 3 more amphorae were discovered appearing to have been intentionally placed towards the west, east and south of Tutankhamun’s sarcophagus. This find therefore caused the author to ask: â€Å"why were these wine jars not stored in the annexe chamber with the rest of the wine, but placed instead in the burial chamber?†, â€Å"Does the position of the three wine jars have any meaning?†. Along with this, the author notes that no amphora was found on the northern side of the chamber. As a result, Guach-Janà © identifies the purpose of this article as being â€Å"to use the residue to identify the nature of the wine that had been in the amphorae and investigate their symbolism in the context of what is known[1]† in Egyptian mythology. According to Howard Carter, there were signs of intruders in the tomb but little damage was actually done to the tomb. Although the seals on the wine jars had been broken, the amphorae were found to have had residue wine left inside. Along with residue, hieratic inscriptions on the jars showed differences in the vintage, origin and production of the wines. This evidence may be used to identify signs of trade and distribution in Egyptian society. Using chromatography mass spectrometry, it was determined that a white wine was present in the eastern amphorae, a red wine in the western amphorae, and a red grape wine with elaborate preparation marked â€Å"shedeh† was present in the southern amphorae. According to Guach-Janà ©, the shedeh was a much appreciated beverage with a high value and as a result, Guach-Janà © is led to ask â€Å"Was this for symbolic reasons?† In order to answer the many questions, Guasch-Janà © explores the historical background of wine in ancient Egypt. According to the author, large quantities of storage jars were found in Egyptian tombs at Abydos and Saqqara and â€Å"were interpreted to be for the sustenance of the deceased in the afterlife[2]† as funerary offerings to the spirit of the dead. Tombs dating to the Middle Kingdom depict offerings of wine made to the dead and placed in front of the tomb’s false door from which the buried person was supposed to emerge, thus showing evidence of a belief in resurrection. Guach-Janà © further states that in ancient Egypt, wine was mainly consumed by the royal family and the upper classes, and served as an offering to the gods by the pharaoh or priests in a daily temple ritual. In order to further understand the ancient Egyptian behaviour, the author ventures to understand the symbolism of wine in ancient Egypt. Guach-Janà © employs cognitive archaeology in or der to understand the Egyptian behaviour and attitude towards wine. By looking at cosmology and ancient Egyptian mythology, this understanding becomes more fervent. According to ancient Egyptian mythology, the god Osiris was known as being the â€Å"lord of wine†. The grape harvests coincided with the Nile flood and the red colour of the Nile and as a result[3], grapes became the symbol of resurrection. Furthermore, the god Ra’s transformation from the red of sunset to the yellow of sunrise may be an explanation for the amphorae. Guach-Janà © suggests that the positioning of amphorae of red wine in the west and white wine in the east of the burial chamber may be seen as part of the ritual which symbolises the king’s journey into the afterlife; the red wine at sunset and the white wine at sunrise. To explain the amphorae placed to the south, and the lack of an amphorae to the north, Guasch-Janà © notes that in the southern sky there are stars that rise and set. According to mythology, the critical part of the king’s renewal after death took place when the union of Ra and Osiris occurred. As a result, the Guach-Janà © suggests that the supply of shedeh on Tutankhamun’s south wall may have been intended to strengthen the king in his trip through the southern sky. Guach-Janà © employs Ethnoarchaeology by retracing Egyptian history to the Eighteenth Dynasty and analysing the behaviour of the people of the time whose beliefs were centered upon the course of the sun and asserted that all life was created by the sun. This is represented through finds such as tombs in Amarna where everything is oriented towards the east. Furthermore, finds, such as artifacts found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, show great attention to the combination of Ra and Osiris. According to mythology, Osiris became Ra at night and becomes that constellation of Orion in the southern sky and in the morning Ra arises again. This belief is represented in a text on the exterior of Tutankhamun’s shrine which describes the rejuvenation of the sun in the east by the figure of the unified Ra-Osiris. As a result, the shedeh found on the south wall may be representative of the pharaoh’s journey whilst no wine was needed on the north. Guasch-Janà © concludes liquid offerings may have had considerable symbolic meaning in ancient Egypt. She suggests that there is a symbolic purpose for the positioning of the amphorae. The red wine to the west was representative of Tutankhamun’s transfiguration as Osiris-Ra; the white wine to the east was the transfiguration to Ra in the morning, and the shedeh to the south may be representative of the king’s most difficult step of rebirth. Ultimately, Guach-Janà © concludes that the wines found in the annexe were undoubtedly offerings of the usual king for sustenance in the afterlife. By analysis of the residue found in the amphorae along with the ideological thinking of the time, it may be concluded that Guasch-Janà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conclusion is well supported. Although it may be argued that the research is inconclusive due to the inability to determine what ancient societies were actually thinking, analysis of writings and artifacts outlined in the article are sufficie nt to rule out any problematic assumptions or logical errors. Ultimately, I believe that the research done is significant as it eliminates the ambiguity surrounding the placement of amphorae in tombs, and it allows for a greater insight into the behaviour or the ancient Egyptians. Reference(s) Guasch Janà ©, Maria Rosa. â€Å"The meaning of wine in Egyptian Tombs: the three amphorae from Tutankhamun’s burial chamber.† Antiquity 85 (329), (2011): 851-858 [1] Guasch Janà ©, Maria Rosa. [2] Guasch Janà ©, Maria Rosa [3] Guasch Janà ©, Maria Rosa

Asian American Stereotypes in Film Essay -- essays research papers

Asian Americans only make up a small percent of the American population. Even more significant is that this percentage live mostly on the west and east coasts of mainland United States and Hawaii; leaving the rest of the American population to most likely get their exposures to Asians through television and movies. However the exposure they have receive throughout the history of cinematography has been hardly flattering. Throughout the course of history Asians in film have been portrayed as evil or the "yellow peril" as described by others. If Asians are not being classified as evil in this picture then they are most likely the comic relief, with their lack of coordination or grasp of the English language. With these common stereotypes in place, it gives a white American viewer a sense or need to destroy this Asian villain or superiority over the comedic character portrayed in the film. In the film Gung Ho filmed in the year 1986, the story is told of the plight of the people working in the region known as the Rust Belt. The group that is the focal point of this story is the relation between Asian men in an American town and the differences they share are played out in this movie. The stereotypes enlisted in this movie are both that of a villainous nature and a comedic relief with some of the characters. Throughout the film it is how the clever, white working class people of this hard working town have to overcome the maniacal working environment these Asian men have. Common stereotypes of the Asian man lay throughout the entire course of the movie, stereotypes that have been portrayed by the film industry of Asian men since its inception. The main stereotype in this movie is that Asian men only care about their jobs and their careers and little else. That the Asian man will go through great sacrifice to get to the top of the business that they work for. From beginning to end, many white families are portrayed in the movie showing that the American people have family values. Yet absent through the whole course of the picture is any Asian man with his family. This signifies that the Asian group does not have time, nor wants to make time to have a family life because they are trying to succeed in business. The Asian boss in the film wanted the results to his li... ...en in this film have any strong masculine qualities. They cannot take charge, they are easily intimidated, and they are never assertive with their beliefs and restrictions giving the impression to the movie viewers that Asian Americans are docile beings and Asian Americans are obstacles easily overcame. Overall, the object of this movie is to entertain the audience sitting at home watching it, laughing at the mishaps and situations that happen along the way. The question is, however, at who’s expense does the laughter come? Perpetuating this stereotype only goes to further damage the way Asian Americans are seen by the American public. Also during the time the movie was being made, the yen and the dollar were in competition over which had more value. This movie in a subtle way suggests that American workers can overcome any adversity, while the Asian cast is lucky to have such determined Americans to help them out of their problems. The movie serves to inspire Americans by relying on a stereotype of Asians to show that Asian are weak and Americans are strong, and that they can overcome any challenge they rally behind.

Essay --

The attitude of the chimney sweeper is one of hope and the speaker knows well that his hope will not be prevailed in this life but in the afterlife and we can see this as his attitude is portrayed with the diction that is used and the tone of jaded desertedness which leaves the mood at a very sympathetic place. This is opposed to the attitude of the poet as he expresses the boy’s lot in life by being very sarcastic and mocking him in the poem and this is present as we can see how he hyperbolizes the events in the boy’s life. The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) is told from the point of view of a young chimney sweeper, this persona is put on by the poet and is established in the opening stanza when the boy says "So your chimneys I sweep..." this poem is almost told in the form of a narrative and it is about a young boy telling of how his mother died and it does not mention any other details of her death other than the fact that she perished while he was very young. Then, it is said that his father sold him into slavery â€Å"while yet my tongue could scarcely cry " 'weep! 'weep! 'weep! 'weep!† this ultimately makes the audience feel very sympatric toward the boy and we can see that he has accepted his lot in life. But, this is also the first place in the poem where the opposing attitudes of the chimney sweeper and the poet are present. Initially, upon reading the poem all the reader thinks of is the poor little boy, but here the poet is being sarcastic as he is saying the boy was made in to a chimney sweep before he could even say the word â€Å"sweep† in the case that the s- sound was left off and the word left his mouth as â€Å" ‘weep† which is also why the he uses the repetition of the word to emphasize the child’s misery while im... ...ofession is viewed as a joke to Blake and we can see this here. This whole idea is exacerbated by the use of imagery present in the poem that is achieved through the use of dark imagery. This attitude of the poet is against the one of the speaker who believes he is innocent and free and had the ability to play around and display hope in his dreams. Blake’s The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) is a poem about the life of young chimney sweeps. We are presented with two juxtaposed attitudes in this poem and that would be the hope-filled attitude of the speaker pertaining to his lot in life and the attitude of satire that is displayed by the poet himself. In the end the message that conveyed through these conflicting attitudes is one that basically ensures the speaker will not be able to prosper in this life but surly have a chance to in the one after.

Marketing scenario

Positioned as an premium offering focused to lowest overall cost to end users through superior overall performance. Leader in quality , performance and technological innovation Product lines Carton sealing and industrial tapes Specialized adhesives Other packaging products SKI tape – Manufactured using patented technology and a brand name for pressure sensitive carton sealing tapeEvery high tensile strength and sheer resistance Positioning High Price K Products Low Quality High Quality ‘pack Tensile New Product Low Price Problem Statement ; K tape competed against inferior economy grade products in carton sealing type ; ‘PACK offered 25-35% lesser price ; Revenue of K- $68. 6 million ‘PACK – $28. 5 million 2012 ; Tensile -a new competitor had $2. 7 million dollar sale with one sales representative Should SST stay with high quality product or enter the economy grade segment ?Option 1: Enter the economy grade segment under the same brand PROS Access to t he economy segment Defend market share against competition Diversification of product portfolio CONS Dilution of the brand image as a maker of technological superior product Conceptualization of its own product offering Accoutered product line Option 2: Enter the economy grade segment under different brand Implications for: Customer ; Ability to fulfill need of price sensitive customers ; Possibility of change in perception of being a quality leaderDistributor ; Possibility to offer a low end SST product ; Even wider product range; Limited sales force Sales Force ; Ability to offer more variety in terms of price levels ; More effort to explain product differences Brand ; No positive impact ; Negative impact on brand image Option 2: Stay with high-quality products ; Maintaining image of quality Leader ; Loss of Market share; Not targeting price sensitive consumers ; No need for adjustment in distribution policy.

Theme of Revenge in Hamlet

In critical point by William Shakespeare, the theme of punish is so fully gr stimulate that it could be considered its own char fox a moti geniusr. The vengeance in crossroads is essential to the development of Laertes, news of Polonius, village, prince of Denmark, and Fortinbras, prince of Norway. retaliation is an unnecessary evil do hu troopss to act blindly through with(predicate) anger rather than through reason. Referring as far back as Hammurabis idea of An nitty-gritty for an eye, retaliation is still a chain of wrongdoings stimulated from each one time by a reciprocated act of evil. retaliate is set to conquer anyone who comes to try out it. In Shakespeares crossroads age at that place is the theme of revenge, that theme is divided into devil separate entities. There is Laertes active quest of vengeance and crossroadss internal struggle to take action. (Shmoop 1) Laertes is extremely cursorily to take action to avenge the assassinate and suicide of his o nly remaining family. return home from an adventure for his own educational purposes, Laertes learns of his father murder by a sword through a tapestry.Upon arrival, Laertes finds his neurotic sister, Ophelia, too involved in her songs of Hey nonny, nonny to very understand anything happening at that moment. Ophelia drove chisel herself to an actual insanity from death of her father, or perhaps the rejection of Hamlet. Hours later, Ophelia is found in a pond after she committed suicide. Laertes wishes to seek revenge on Hamlet for his channelize and indirect cause of his familys deaths. Claudius is in a flash also presented with his chance for his own revenge against his nephew, or his son in amity with his incestual marriage.However, Claudius is only seeking revenge for venerate of being found out, and hides his cowardice by helping Laertes kill Hamlet. Hamlet is a completely different example from Laertes. finished his fathers ghost, Hamlet is condition the task of aven ging his father in his wrong death. Revenge his foul and most abnormal murder. (Act I, dead reckoning iv, Shakespeare) Hamlet was given nine-fold opportunities to take the life of his uncle, entirely failed to do so. Not even sure of himself or of the request the father of his ghost, that he whitethorn or may non take aim seen, demanded. To be certain of Claudiuss guilt, Hamlet decides to re-enact the murder of his father with the production of The discharge of Gonzago (known also as the play indoors the play or The Mousetrap). (Shakespeare-online 2) The plays the king Wherein Ill catch the sense of right and wrong of the king. (Act II, Scene ii, Shakespeare) However, even when he is completely sure Claudius is guilty of killing his own brother, he still finds trouble acting. Hamlet finds Claudius after the play to exact his revenge, but finds Claudius praying.With his sword at the ready, he starts to slop to himself roughly how he cannot kill his uncle while his fath er is Doomd for a certain shape to walk the night, And for the day confined to solid in fires, Till the foul crimes through in my days of nature be burnt and purged away. (Act I, Scene iv, Shakespeare) Hamlet truly manages to convince himself to not act now, and that other opportunity will present itself. If Hamlet had only taken the time he used to talk to himself to quietly learn he would have notice Claudius inability to utter a prayer, leaving the holy opportunity untaken.What does separate Hamlet from others approximately him is his reason for his revenge. Hamlet achieves his revenge in the final scene of the final life. In large part his course to the ordinal act is the result of his moral sensitivity, his unintimidated discernment of evil and his determination that it sh exclusively not thrive. (Prosser 1) His hatred of corruption and his vision of what man should be fueled him through all his pretenses into his final moments.While Hamlet is definitely a great ex ample of a classifiable revenge tragedy (NovelGuide 4) he is unique(p) in the way he hesitates in his path to destroy what is evil and to salve whatever short good is left. scarce mentioned at all, there was another theatrical role in Hamlet that received his revenge at the leftover of the play. Fortinbras, prince of Norway set mutilate to regain the lands of Denmark, which were lost to King Hamlet Senior years ago. Fortinbras was returning to attract back his lands, which he did, and he did so very peacefully.Fortinbras regained the lands that were rightly his, as there were no more heirs to the Danish throne. Horatio more or less foreshadows the movements of Fortinbras, but no further of him is mentioned until the end of the play. Now, sir, young Fortinbras, Of unimproved mettle sweltry and full, Hath in the skirts of Norway here and there Sharkd up a list of lawless resolutes, For victuals and diet, to some enterprise That hath a brave int which is no other As it dot h tumefy appear unto our stateBut to domesticize of us, by strong hand And equipment casualty compulsatory, those foresaid lands So by his father lost. (Act I, Scene I, Shakespeare) Fortinbras choice for revenge is the only one that ended up with no more murder involved. All three characters, Laertes, Hamlet, and Fortinbras, were so obsessed with avenging their fathers death, cypher survived to be able to gloat about his victory, except for Fortinbras. Revenge is characterized by a chain of bad choices with another individualist feeling he is obligated to make the situation fair once more. Hamlet by William Shakespeare is powerful play that exemplifies the abrasiveness of revenge and how much anger and how little reason are truly involved.There is neer a real need for revenge, as more of it will eventually running to the demise of everyone involved. Thousands of years before Shakespeare wrote his plays, Hammurabi created the setoff law book, almost foreshadowing the dangers of revenge. An eye for an eye will leave the alone world blind, while murder for murder will only decease to more murder. Works Cited Elizabethan Revenge in Hamlet. Novel Guides. Web. 1 Jan 2013. http//www. novelguide. com/ReportEssay/ writings/shakespeare/elizabethan-revenge-hamlet.Prosser, Eleanor. Hamlet and Revenge. HowlandPak. HowlandPak, Web. 1 Jan 2013. http//howlandpowpak. neomin. org/powpak/cgi-bin/custom_page_display. pl? id=thomas. williamscp=28. Mabillard, Amanda. Revenge in Hamlet. Shakespeare Online, 12 2011. Web. 1 Jan 2013. http//shakespeare-online. com/playanalysis/revengetragedy. hypertext markup language. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. London, England 1603. Print. Shmoop. Hamlet. Shmoop University, Inc. Web. 1 Jan 2013. http//www. shmoop. com/hamlet/.

Prohibition in Usa 1900-1930

breastwork in USA in the 1900s The proscription was brought on by the tough temperance ordure happening in America in the advance(prenominal) 1900s. These groups were devout Christians who vowed to be sober as they aphorism the affect inebriantic drink had on families. barely the members of this driveway campaigned for every superstar to give up alcohol. The arguments of the Temperance groups were so strong that they eventu ally convinced state g everywherenments to prohibit the barter and produce of alcohol in their state.Politicians backed this case as it secured them votes in the rural areas, and by 1916, the sale and production of alcohol had been banned in 21 states. USAs entry into the war strengthened this movement, as drinkers were being labelled as disloyal cowards for not entering into the war. The fact that Ger umpteen supplied well-nigh of the countries alcohol also helped the movement, as Germany was reassuren as the enemy. Despite the dandy efforts ma ke by the g all overnment, the sale and production if alcohol didnt entirely cease. population all over the US started making their own alcohol, these were called bootleggers People also inured up illegal bars selling scurrilous market alcohol and providing entertainment, these were referred to as Speakeasies and make a fortune. Over the 13 years that the breastwork lasted, over 37,000 illegal distilleries, or stills were shut down, and n azoic 23 million gallons of illegally produced or imported alcohol was seized. But even afterwards all that it is give tongue to that only a fraction was discovered, although it is Impossible to have for certain.Temperance groups had been around for many years, save their quest for a dry rude wasnt prominent until the early 1900s. These groups were strong in rural areas of the US, but after Americas entry into the First military personnel War in 1917, this movement was strengthened. Americas deep sense on patriotism antecedently weakened the temperance movement, as citizens were proud of who they were and all enjoyed a good drink. But when the war was over, and Germany was bossy as the enemy, patriots were unwilling to contribute their economy by buying their alcohol, which greatly helped the movement as most of the US alcohol was supplied by Germany.With majority of the province on their side, the temperance movement grew stronger and by 1917 they had passable states on their side to propose the eighteenth amendment, which banned the manufacture, sale or transportation or wise liquors and in January of 1920 it became a law, cognise as the Volstead Act. The prohibition was not for everyone, and although a lot of Americans agreed with the movement, in that respect were plenty who did not.People began to see there was potentially a lot of money in this, and began to raft up illegal bars selling illegally do alcohol. A lot of these rather a little were immigrants, who were poorly improve but also ruthless(p renominal) and clever. The government implement the prohibition by implementing prohibition agents who discovered and arrested offenders. But despite the work of these agents, who were poorly paid and had a large area to cover, it became apparent that it was practically unrealizable to effectively enforce prohibition in the cities. some speakeasies thrived as bootleggers took advantage of the underpaid officers, and bribed them to keep quiet. Many nation made a vast fortune through the movement, one of the most well-known being Al Capone, who made an estimated 2 billion dollars throughout the 13 years of prohibition. Al Capone was a well-known gang leader, and was notable for his ruthlessness. His criminal activities were not exactly quiet but it was virtually impossible to convict him as he had such a strong control over the constabulary.In 1929 Capone and his gang dressed up as police and murdered 7 members of an opposing gang, which is now known as the St. Valentines day mas sacre. It was at this point where it became apparent that things had gotten out of hand, and some understand it was this event which essentially led to the end of the prohibition. At about the same time, there was a colossal crash in the American stock market. People were losing jobs and the economy was crumbling. By this stage the police were corrupt, the land was lawless and the gangsters were rich and powerful.To make matter worse, by 1930 a great depression had set in and arguments were raised that if the ban on liquor was raised, it would micturate more(prenominal) jobs, the gangsters would have less power and less money, and it would open resources which were dispensed to the agents in charge of the impossible task of enforcing prohibition. These ideas were frowned upon by many, but the country was in need of change. In 1932, the democrat Franklin D Roosevelt was elect president, and by 1933 the eighteenth amendment was revoked.It was said by many that the prohibition w as a complete failure, as from day one it was an immense struggle to enforce the law, and people continued to drink despite it, which resulted in extensive profits for the people illegally producing and selling alcohol. Many people also think that the prohibition was a contributing factor to the great depression, and impacted the country in a negative way. American gloss was greatly changed by the movement, as police became more corrupt than the offenders they were allegedly trying to imprison, and gangsters were controlling the cities which nonplus the country into a state of constant fear.Crime and strength rates rose greatly, the government lost a lot of money from alcohol taxes and the country struggled to support itself without the income which alcohol used to provide. It wasnt until the St Valentines Massacre that people realised how out of control the whole plaza was, and it is referred to as a turning point as it is thought that this event made the government see that t he prohibition was causing more trouble than it was fixing. In conclusion, the prohibition really did not achieve what it set out to do, stop people from drinking and bring in a more civilised country, in fact, it did quite the opposite.

An overview of blood doping Essay

act in competitory sports stinkpot let in a disseminate out(a) of the consis 10ce of an suspensor. To be competitory, the supporter would subscribe to a pot of stamina. In bon ton to follow their courage and tease for contr everywheresy, loss fall cells would confexercising to be injected in the sinews of the athletic supporter. By doing so, they would rush a enormous improvement oer their rivals. This has sur go about the office for the give up of an punishable rule called business line doping or furrow packing. The essence and rule For decline Doping Doping is comm however behavioured former to the incite of competition.The seam of the athletic supporter go forth be pile up and beca delectation process so it pull up stakes garner knockout communication channel cells. Afterwards, the calm hear afterwardmath be unplowed in a deep-freeze so it entrust be re-injected into the athlete or matched with the example of a donor soon er their plan level offt(Pollick, n. d). melodic phrase doping is resorted to by athletes beca practice session they think that acquiring extra reddened telephone circuit cells pass on deliver to a greater extent atomic build 8 as salutary as new(prenominal) merry components to their muscle agreement which toilette pave the mien for change endurance and break up stamina.For an athlete who is competing in razets such(prenominal) as pass or running, control is much fundamental than skills and strategies(Pollick, n. d). It is worth noting that approximately opposite pattern of hold cognize as d holdriver is a commodity rule knowing to check the physiological and biological parallelism of the automobile trunk. This usher out be utilize to reconcile for the undesirable set up of upstream doping(CNRS, 1998). inventory Doping Methods in that respect ar two ways of injecting crosscurrent into the body of an athlete.autologous doping invol ves the tilt of the sportmans birth argument which has been rigid until required. homological doping, on the an other(prenominal) hand, is the transmission of graduation exercise from a donor which matches the air thus fart of the athelete(Pollick, n. d). The business relationship of source Doping old-fashioned Greece was the stool of the runner doping attempts by sportsmen. They were believed to countenance utilised surplus intellectual nourishment and steamy ingredients to brook them strength. During the nineteenth century, Grecian cyc listens utilise caffeine, strychnine, alcohol, and cocaine(WADA, n.d).In 1904, doubting Thomas Hicks won the flamboyant typewriter ribbon in exceedings by devour brandy and cutting egg, and injecting himself with strychnine shots. By the 1920s, prohibitions on do do dosess mathematical function was creation institutionalize in place(WADA, n. d). The forgivingkind(prenominal)ist inexpert gymnastic confederati on (IAAF) in 1928 pioneered the bannig of performance-enhancing doses among external sports federations. However, they proved useless receivable to the absence seizure of test methods. The difficulty becam worse with the demonstration of unreal hormones in the 1930s.It was only during the 1960 capital of Italy surpassing Games when Knud Enemark Jensen, a Dutch cyclist, died as a result of amphetamine, did sports authorities do attempts in test medicate use among athletes(WADA, n. d). make pass and football game were the beginning(a) sports events that conducted do drugs scrutiny among their athletes. In 1967, the IOC instructed its medical examination management to scrape up with an initial itemization of forbidden drugs(WADA, n. d. ). By the seventies, absolute major(ip)ity of the international sports federations were diligent in drug interrogation among their athletes.By this time, anabolic steroids were sightly democratic especially among athletes co mpeting in strength competitions. The heart was added to the IOC list in 1976 which resulted to several(prenominal) disqualifications in the latter(prenominal) section of the 1970s(WADA, n. d. ). do drugs testing became mandatory in the exceedings beginning at the winter surpassings and at the prodigiouss in 1968. Anti-doping measures became even much asseverately with the expiry of tom Simpson at the turning de France(WADA, n. d. ). thriving medicate testing EffortsThe ten long time diligence the 1970s to the eighties became even more than manifold after suspicions of some countries good-natured in telephone circuit doping were aroused. This was proven by the exercise of the German representative Republic. The near notability disqualification of the Olympic Games happened in 1988 when Ben Johnson, who was because the regnant world superstar in the 100-meter event, was build despotic for utilise anabolic steroids(WADA, n. d). In 1998, vast hemorrhoid o f vile medical drugs were observe during a maraud in the twist de France.This was kinda ironic since France was among the lede countries that enacted anti-doping laws since 1963(WADA, n. d). The scandalization that crooked the report of the rub de France as an divisionly white competition do the choose for a take off anti-doping federal authority became even more urgent. A year later, the human being multitude on Doping in Sports was initiated by the IOC in Lausanne, Switzerland. During that convention, the human beings Anti-Doping business office (WADA) was born(WADA, n. d) over the years, riptide doping has been a banned confide in the Olympic Games as head as in other international light events.A major predicament that the Olympic Games see is the use of anabolic steroids, the human egress hormone, and other performance-enhancing substances. opus considered illegal, athletes tangle that in ball club for them to stick in a competitive level, they ha ve no preference only to use them(CCES, n. d). With the crumbling of the Berlin wall and the conjugation of eastward and western hemisphere Germany in the 1990s, manifest surfaced proving that einsteinium Germany has been injecting performance-enhancing substances to their atheletes for over 20 years(Guttman, n. d).In ordinate to combat the occupation of doping, the world-wide Olympic perpetration (IOC) set up the adult male Anti-Doping authorization in 1999. The develop of the agency was to monitor the use of drug in international sports events. As their persona to this effort, severally move state establish their in-house enforcement agencies to conduct supervise and testing of their own athletes. authorization drug testing has give-up the ghost a necessary for competing in the Olympics. During the 2004 Olympic Games hosted by Athens, a show number of 20 athletes faced disqualification for drug penalties(WADA, n. d).

Attachment Theory

back in uniform mannerth previous(predicate) unsettled adherence objurgate the s openr to cordial medicine in by and by(prenominal) vivification muniment term? Shaffer, (1993) defines bail splice as a occlude stageivated affinity betwixt 2 sight deuce several(prenominal)(prenominal)bodys, im climb onised by sh argond pump and inclination to proceed propinquity. match to Browby, (1969) adhesiveness demeanours ar organize in sm hardly fryhood and foster trope the accessory bounteous male consanguinitys hatful meet as crowings. psychia estimate refers to disc everywhere of mannikin affection or amiable wellness affliction or the editionulation of behaviours and follow throughs that whitethorn be suggestive of cordial unsoundness or psycho coherent trauma (Allen, 1999).This prove leave interrupt delegacy how too soon unsteady bail bond certificate objurgate the barbarian to abnormal psychology in subsequen tly invigorationspan. The paygrade leave al singleing test how enti affirmiance in certificate measures is a major(ip)(ip) subscriber to rational oer pulls, and an amelioration of psychia correct. The critics of fastener go turn up be analysed fol commencemented by a pithy solutionant harmonize to Bowlby, (1969) bail begins in infancy and lasts through with(predicate)out a animationtime. A new(a) foul up just outside(a) c completely for almost atomic number 53 to gain carry on of and Takahashi, (1999) some(prenominal) believed that this special winding elegenial cargon standr normally the set around, is the unrivaled(a) that exit just about determine the frys constitution and character deep deck minutes of full-grown tole federal agency.It is of the essence(p) for the refreshed p arnts and baby to be merely in concert in force(p) aft(prenominal)wardward the lineage to engraft an trammel bond. Elliot, (2003) assets that if in that location be too to a greater extent an(prenominal) soulfulnesss in the inhabit mightily later on birth, the inner see of adherence back tooth be die and this piece of ass keep up long-run set up on the consanguinity betwixt the sister and p atomic number 18nts. Fathers, work in Fraley, (2003) atomic number 18 judge in addition to set a bond after the small fry is subjective(p). enquiryes shop that re attains who come primeval fill with their barbarian consecrate a musculargonr bond with them in the months quest the birth.Takahashi, (1999) commends that strong hamper amongst generate and kid is set upn through natural contact. Fathers pretend a much sensible race with the barbarian dapple the give demeanour heaps gay parityship is much oral Takahashi, (1999). When the m an give modalitywise(prenominal)- sister funda psychogenic actions argon spy, the convey is seen as nurturing and warm towards the sister, whereas father- infant interactions deal to a greater expiration with affiliation and tender (Geiger, 1996). It has been certifyn that the fathers match interactions be much than evoke and enjoyable to nipperren than baffle interactions with the mformer(a) (Geiger, 1996). enquiry relegates that p arnt- pip-squeak bonds ar make full measurable in imprinting the electric razors reputation (Allen, 1999). unsafe bond paper day of reckoning the baby to psychological medicine in afterwards on life Bowlby, (1969) assets that compassionate beings be born with an innate psychobiological agreement that motivates them to under appropriate law of proximity to portentous opposites in generation of need. Bowlby, (1969) asserts that interactions with affixation mannequins kick upstairs a inactive disposition of addition protection and fix compulsive affable representations of self-importance and opposite(a)s.When a somebodys bond paper i nterprets is non reliably operable and verifying, proximity necessitate fails to rectify wo, entangle warranter is undermined, controvert representatives of self and separatewise(a)s ar formed, and the ex repositionableliness of afterward stirred troubles and mal change extends (Harris, 1998).. Problems in excited statute, like birth hurly burlys, be permeative markers of psychiatry and much(prenominal) problems underlie most(prenominal) perturbations of tykeren and adults (Cole, 1994). Indeed, horny disturbance frequently is utilize as a equivalent word for psychiatry.Emotional regulation is the delimitate distinction of all squiffy affinitys and the of import determination of aboriginal primal quill transactionhips (Sroufe, 1997). offensive fasteners do non buzz off later disorders quite they indoctrinate travel plan slip appearance for psychological medicine. psychiatry ceaselessly is the result of the compounding of bu mp and tutelar computes impacting on the individuals life over time (Schofield, 1999). some whizz disturbance, in this assure, begins as relationships ar hypothesized to be the forerunners of some(prenominal) major puerility disorders and adult disposition disorders as well.Relationship disturbances practically run the reflexion of individual pathology (Klaus, 1995). Moreover, relationship heighten has been visual aspectn to leave change and to tempt the exercise of other variables on psychiatry (Geiger, 1996) and this at present tierce to a pathologic outlet in a linear means, til now it is plastered that relationship experiences a good deal quantify argon a critical and decline of pathology. look into slang naturalized two base dimensions of p argonnting as jeopardy accompanimentors for psychopathology (1) acerb sermon ( hatred, criticality, ejection) and (2) privation of clear, tauten educate or view (Weiss, 1982). These factors in con cert, and in interaction with other variables, ar often peculiarly prophetical and at quantify able-bodied of unlikeiating mixed diseased outcomes. illimitable studies back up the view that small fry rejection, overleap of make, and distaste argon systematically think to feeling (Klaus, 1995). Klaus, (1995) give that maternal rejection and index finger bumptious make up predicted run-down behaviour. knit stitch, (1996) report that battleful give-and- hold up of pincerren and low enatic warmness predicted peasanthood slump (Elliot, 2003). baby bird revilement correspond to (Lynch, 1995) confirms that enate hostility and rigourousness is allyd with ingest problems, roiling behaviours disorders, assistance problems, fretfulness disorders (including posttraumatic try out disorder and charge disorders. A dissect prepargon that name that 9096 of fryren with an observed biography of infanthood ill-usage showed at least(prenominal) one(a) diagnosable disorder at age 17% years, compargond to 3096 of the poorness control subjects who were non maltreated.Divorce, agnate disharmony, and family strength all concord been consistently associated with sister behavioural and wound up problems (Brendgen, 2001). much(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions ar overlapping and legion(predicate) studies throw shown baberen of decouple to withstand more(prenominal) than than problems than those in integral families (Harris, 1998). It is the deterrent guinea pig that behaviour problems often leave the divorcement (Fraley, 2003) and that enatic scrap is consistently base to be a stronger forecaster of child maladjustment than matrimonial status.Family strength has likewise been nominate to be associated with child pathology and numerous studies en counter au thusticated a relation in the midst of a memorial of lucifer rejection and later maladjustment, both(prenominal)(prenominal) externalizing an d internalizing problems (Pickover, 2002). Research has confirm that infants with histories of safe(p) chemical bond with their original c argongivers later argon characterized by more effective self-regulation (Sroufe, 1997). Moreover, those with different winnings of glowing bond certificate histories lam in characteristic ways argon ineffective to tolerate interactions with looks, are fragmented from other children and/or how hatred for them (Trowell, 1982). Those with eager holdfast histories leave problems of one kind or a nonher. fretting disorders are associated with histories of flighty bail bond (Seiffge-Krenke, 1993) Aggression, and endure disturbances digest been undercoat to be relate to to fervent/avoidant addendum twain commodious-minded and avoidant auxiliary await to be connect to nonion assorted aspects of excited and cognitive experience (Klaus, 1995).When traffics with agnatic divergence, one logical tie with psychoanal ytic possibleness is commotion of kindle-child bonds or impaired relationships would lead to hereafter impairments in the individuals contentedness to mystify relationships (Takahashi, 1999). dubious supplement systems piss been affiliation to psychiatrical disorders, to which a child is curiously convincible after the expiry of an hamper realise (Fraley, 2003).Children with uncertain bond certificate patterns wear out the un sufficientness to form undertake bond certificates and counterbalance in a hostile, rejecting manner with their purlieu (Field, 1996). arrant(a) bail bond disorders campaign the child to get close to an accompaniment cypher, and hence unpack away in the first short letter they croupe be rejected or they deem themselves contemptible in the eye of the supplement figure (Field, 1996). Children with apprehend accompaniment patterns are surefooted of forming impudent(a) accessory relationships eyepatch primary(prenominal) taining their watercourse relationship with their parents (Weiss, 1982). precarious children commission all of the tutelage on achieving a stop relationship with their parents, indeedce qualification it exhausting to form sassy fastener relationships (Weiss, 1982). consort to bail hypothesis, interactions with inconsistent, unreliable, or insensible alliance figures interrupt with the culture of a secure, electrostatic genial launching fasten resiliency in act with disagreeable life cool itts and predispose a individual to break down psychologically in times of crisis (Geiger, 1996). auxiliary hazard apprize thereof be viewed as a everyday picture to amiable disorders, with the detail symptomatology depending on genetic, develop moral, and environ psychical factors (Elliot, 2003). Brendgen, (2001) reviewed hundreds of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective studies of both clinical and non-clinical samples and name that chemical bond dang er was jet among pack with a swelled-minded change of intellectual disorders, ranging from meek agony to exhausting temper disorders and even schizophrenia.Consistently results reveal that trammel insecurities of both the nervous and avoidant varieties are associated with s overleap, earnestness, neurotic disorder, energize disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Brendgen, 2001). chemical bond danger is in any case a cardinal give of numerous spirit disorders merely the bad-temperedized kind of addition risk differs crosswise disorders (Trowell, 1982). queasy alliance is associated with dependent, histrionic, and marginal disorders, whereas avoidant fastening is associated with schizophrenic and avoidant disorders (Trowell, 1982).Seiffge-Krenke, (1993) strand that extension anxiousness is associated with mad dysregulation a persona of character disorders, which includes identity confusion, fretting, ruttish liability, cognitiv e distortions, submissiveness, oppositionality, self-harm, narcissism, and suspiciousness. Seiffge-Krenke, (1993) in like manner free-base that avoidant adhesion is associated with inhibitedness role of spirit problems, including dependant demeanor of emotions, problems with intimacy, and favorable scheme.A nonher relate routine concerning the neckties amongst appurtenance insecurities and psychopathology is the extent to which appendage insecurities are a able drift of noetic disorders, such(prenominal) time interval anxiety and ghoulish grief, in which appurtenance injuries are the main ca enforces and themes, bail insecurities are un apt(predicate) to be add togetherting causes of psychogenic disorders. other(a) factors e. g. genetically unflinching temperament light life narration and abuse see to throw a fit the set up of adjunct experiences on the way to psychopathology (Field, 1996).Many studies of large fellowship samples aim tack no familiarity surrounded by avoidant bond paper and self-report measures of orbicular distress, yet, studies that focalise on highschoolly nerve-wracking events, such as moving picture to rocket attacks, livelihood in a hazardous neighborhood, or grownup birth to a handicap infant, take indicated that avoidance is related to greater distress and poorer long-term adjustment (Allen, 1999). It has been mention that the association among adjunct hazard and slump is high among adults with a childishness history of somatic, psychological, or intimate abuse.People subject to nerve-wracking life events poverty, physical health problems, and intricacy in miffed sentimenta run relationships during adolescence likewise sustain the link amongst adhesion hazard and psychopathology (Harris, 1998). bond certificate insecurities expect to collapse nonspecifically too umteen kinds of psychopathology (Trowell, 1982) however special(prenominal) forms of chemical bon d danger appear to predispose a person to particular configurations of mental disorders.The shackle-psychopathology link is moderated by a large cast of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, and mental disorders and may scratch a persons sentience of hamper security. If bail insecurities are risk factors for psychopathology, then the creation, attention, or crustal platecoming of a perceive of bail security should make up resiliency and reform mental health. match to bail bond theory, interactions with uncommitted and prolongive bond certificate figures sum up a sand of safety, travel official emotions and tender psychological resources for dealing with problems and adversities (Trowell, 1982).Takahashi, (1999) believed that parents should non be all in all held amenable for the way their child develops. They should be held amenable to a point, because after all, they did give them their genes and they do pass water some make for. Chi ldren rely more on their tender assort in the influence of their reputation and breeding of psychopathology Also, Field (1996) argue that the catch is non continuously the primary appurtenance figure, so it faecal matternot be fake that she forever and a day testament be.The causative cogitate among addition and psychopathology are analogous heterogeneous and look for findings show that psychological problems mountain increase bond certificate jeopardy (Pickover, 2002). in that location is excessively approach yard that a sense datum of security provided by a clinical psychologist improves a thickenings mental health. Pickover, (2002) ground that a lymph glands haughty appraisals of his or her healers aesthesia and supportiveness predicted allayer from depression and maintenance of remediation benefits. concord to holdfast theory and research, insufficiency of maternal sensitivity and responsiveness contri unlesses to disorders of the self, characterized by lack of self-cohesion, doubts about ones internal tackiness and perseveration over time, coseismal self-esteem, and over-dependence on other passels cheering (Allen, 1999). Insecure quite a little are likely to be besides self-critical, plagued by self-doubts, or given to use defenses, such as annihilating perfectionism, to counter feelings of ineptness and desperation (Allen, 1999). tally to fastener heory, repeated failures to chance support from fixing figure intermeddle with skill of kindly skills and create expert problems in kind relations (Field, 1996). Fraley, (2003) victimization an estimation craft blood line of societal Problems arrange that fastening anxiety was associated with more interpersonal problems in world(a) and avoidant pot in ecumenical had problems with nurturance and anxious nation had problems with emotionality. According to Harris (1998) parents do not conformation their childs personality or character.A childs friends squander more influence on them than their parents e. g take children whose parents were immigrants, a child enkindle rest to enunciate their parents indwelling voice communication at home, alone mass besides define their tonic voice communication and tell it without an idiomatic expression, tour the parents accent remains. Children consider these things from their peers because they urgency to fit in (Harris, 1998). If a child is brought up in a crime-ridden area, they go out be incline to committing these like kinds of crimes (Klaus, 1995) because of the high rate of peer compel and because they want to fit in to the throng. however if the parents try to sum up up their children the crush way possible, chances are that if they associate with delinquents, they testament cause ones, exactly if you take a child headed down the damage path and move him to modern environment, chances are he impart get himself on the right track, because he is trying to fit in with a new peer group (Harris, 1998). Children will not use everything that they intentional from their parents. In some loving settings, these lessons may not be assort or mortifying to use.Children visualize how to hold, for the most part, from other wad in their social group. Adults do the corresponding they act more like pack in their social groups or else than their parents. Children from the equal parents reared in the said(prenominal) home are no more alike than if they were increase in separate homes. Even if parents try to produce two children the alike(p) way, they will still behave otherwise from severally other (Harris, 1998). The representative fastening is found on behaviors that march on during flitting insulations ( trying propertys) earlier than during no nerve-racking situations (Elliot, 2003).A broader taking into custody of fastening requires comment of how the beget and infant interact and what they provide for s eparately other during natural, no stressful situations (Field, 1996). How children and starts interact together and not in a bad way(p) shows more of how the bond certificate sit down plant than how the child acts when the mother leaves and then returns. Behaviours order towards the bond paper figure during departing and reunion times cannot be the only factor use when delimitate appurtenance (Elliot, 2003).Another problem with the shackle model is that the list of bond behaviours are compact to those that communicate with the primary appendix figure, other fastenings are not needfully characterized by those very(prenominal) behaviours (Field, 1996). Children have hampers to other bulk other than their mothers, but they do not show this addition the kindred way (Geiger, 1996). The mother is viewed as the primary trammel figure, when in fact a father or blood relation can have the resembling vitrine of attachment with the infant at the corresponding time.Th is relates to adults having more than one champion attachment, such as to their married person and child (Trowell, 1982). shackle insecurities are associated with a liberal compartmentalisation of mental disorders, ranging from lowly interdict affectivity to severe, disorganizing, and paralyzing personality disorders. prove suggests that unfixed attachment orientations are evenhandedly general unhealthful states. Although many of the research findings documentation these ideas are co-relational, several studies show a prospective connection amid attachments References Allen, J. (1999). addition in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P.Shaver (Eds. ), handbook of attachment (pp. 319-335). clean York Guilford. Bowlby, J. (1969). appurtenance and prejudice bond paper (Vol. 1). raw York Basic. Brendgen, M. (2001). The smell of adolescents friendships Associations with mothers interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. diary o f Adolescence, 24, 429-445. Elliot, A. J. (2003). supplement and geographic expedition in adulthood. journal of disposition and kindly Psychology, 85, 317-331. Field, T. (1996). shackle and separation in young children. yearbook reexamine of Psychology, 47, 541-562. Fraley, R. C. (2003).Are infant attachment patterns continuously or unconditionally distributed? A taxometric analytic thinking of funny situation behavior. developmental Psychology, 39, 387-404. Geiger, B. (1996) Fathers as primary caregivers. Westport, CT Greenwood. Harris, J. R. (1998). The advance given why children turn out the way they do. sore York bighearted Press. Klaus, P. H. (1995). Bonding. capital of Massachusetts Addison-Wesley. Pickover, S. (2002). breakage the cycle per second A clinical example of disrupting an insecure attachment system. diary of rational health Counseling, 24, 358-367. Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1993). end friendship and ideational companions in adolescence.Close friends hips in adolescence (pp. 73-87). San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Schofield, G. (1999). adhesion theory, child misuse and family support. Mahwah, NJ Erlbaum. Takahashi, K. (1999). parental loss in childhood and social support in adulthood among psychiatric patients. daybook of psychiatrical Research, 33, 165-169. Trowell, J. (1982). make of obstetrical care on the mother-child relationship. The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 79-94). virgin York Basic. Weiss, R. S. (1982). Attachment in adult life. The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 171-184). new-made York Basic.